ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 1

• はじめに
• 準備
• TypeScript のコンパイル
• 静的ファイルのルーティング
• 参照

はじめに

今回からちょっと間(挫折するか落ち着くまで) フロントエンドに挑戦してみます。

今のトレンドで言えば、以前触れた Angular のようなフレームワークを駆使して SPA ！ 。。。って時代ももう落ち着いてきた？というところですが、今回はあえてフレームワークは使わず、 TypeScript + HTML + CSS(こっちはもう少し何か試すかも) で試してみたいと思います。

理由は使う先で Node.js が使えるとは限らないことと、(プライベートは良いのですが)頻繁にアップデートできるとは限らないことです。

まぁ後者については、 TypeScript 使っていいのか？という気がしないでもないですが。

準備

とにかく準備を進めていきますよ。

サーバーアプリは ASP.NET Core MVC 。このへん で使っていたプロジェクトを再利用しています。

Node.js

で、まず Node.js なのですが、 Windows だと nodist などのバージョン管理マネージャーを使うのが良さそうですね？

ただ、何も考えず Node.js をそのままインストールしてしまったので、今回はこれでいきます。

TypeScript

Rider の Terminal か PowerShell などでプロジェクト直下に移動し、 npm で TypeScript 、 tsc をインストールします(先に空で package.json 作っておいた方が良い？)。

npm install --save-dev typescript tsc

package.json の中身はこうなりました。

package.json

{
  "devDependencies": {
    "tsc": "^1.20150623.0",
    "typescript": "^3.4.2"
  }
}

最初グローバルにインストールしていたのですが、下記などを見るとローカルインストールの方が良さそうに思えます。

• [Node.js] npm installするときはどのパッケージもローカルインストールで十分 - あるいてっく

tsc --init

tsc を使って、 tsconfig.json を生成します。

npx tsc --init

今回はローカルインストールしているため、 npx tsc ～ のように実行します。

これでデフォルトの tsconfig.json が生成されます。

tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    /* Basic Options */
    "target": "es5",                          /* Specify ECMAScript target version: 'ES3' (default), 'ES5', 'ES2015', 'ES2016', 'ES2017', 'ES2018', 'ES2019' or 'ESNEXT'. */
    "module": "commonjs",                     /* Specify module code generation: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es2015', or 'ESNext'. */
    // "lib": [],                             /* Specify library files to be included in the compilation. */
    ～省略～
    // "outDir": "./",                        /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
   ～省略～
    /* Strict Type-Checking Options */
    "strict": true,                           /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
    ～省略～
    "esModuleInterop": true                   /* Enables emit interoperability between CommonJS and ES Modules via creation of namespace objects for all imports. Implies 'allowSyntheticDefaultImports'. */
    ～省略～
  }
}

省略した項目も含め、一つずつ内容を見ていきたいところですが、とりあえず動かしてみる、ということで TypeScript -> JavaScript へ変換した出力先を wwwroot/js に変更します。

tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    ～省略～
    "outDir": "wwwroot/js",                        /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
   ～省略～
  }
}

TypeScript ファイルを作る

順番が逆な気もしますが、コンパイル元となる TypeScript を用意します。

wwwroot/ts/Page.ts

function greeting(){
    alert("hello world");
}

HTML ファイルを作る

とりあえずボタン押下で JavaScript を呼ぶだけとします。

wwwroot/pages/Index.html

< !DOCTYPE html>
< html lang="jp">
< head>
    < meta charset="UTF-8">
    < title>Home< /title>
< /head>
< body>
    Hello
    < button onclick="greeting()">Message< /button>
    < script src="../js/Page.js">< /script>
< /body>
< /html>

wwwroot 以下の静的ファイルを有効にする

UseStaticFiles で wwwroot 以下の静的ファイルを有効にしておきます。

Startup.cs

using EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Configuration = configuration;
        }
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Configure(options =>
            {
                options.CheckConsentNeeded = context => true;
                options.MinimumSameSitePolicy = SameSiteMode.None;
            });

            services.AddDbContext(options =>
                options.UseNpgsql("Host=localhost;Database=BookStore;Username=postgres;Password=XXX"));

            services.AddMvc();
        }
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }

            app.UseStaticFiles();
            app.UseMvc();
        }
    }
}

これで下記のような構成になりました。

EfCoreNpgsqlSample
　Ｌ EfCoreNpgsqlSample
　　Ｌ bin
　　Ｌ Controllers
　　　Ｌ HomeController.cs
　　Ｌ Models
　　　Ｌ Author.cs
　　　Ｌ Book.cs
　　　Ｌ Store.cs
　　　Ｌ EfCoreNpgsqlSample.cs
　　Ｌ Properties
　　　Ｌ launchSettings.json
　　Ｌ wwwroot
　　　Ｌ ts
　　　　Ｌ Page.ts
　　　Ｌ pages
　　　　Ｌ Index.html
　　Ｌ appsettings.Development.json
　　Ｌ appsettings.json
　　Ｌ EfCoreNpgsqlSample.csproj
　　Ｌ package.json
　　Ｌ package-lock.json
　　Ｌ Program.cs
　　Ｌ Startup.cs
　　Ｌ tsconfig.json

Controllers や Models など今回登場していないものもありますが、このへん 参照ということで。
( HomeController.cs については後で触れます)

TypeScript のコンパイル

TypeScript をコンパイルして、 JavaScript ファイルを作ります。

ここでも tsc を使用します。

npx tsc -b

これで Wwwroot > js 以下に Page.js が出力されます。

Page.js

"use strict";
function greeting() {
    alert("hello");
}

【Rider】変更時に自動でコンパイルしてほしい

このコンパイル作業、毎回手動で実行するのは結構大変です。

Gulp や npm などを使って自動でコンパイルすることもできますが、今回は JetBrains Rider の力を借りることにします。
(内部的にはこれらのツールを使っているかもですが)

1. File > Settings... > Languages & Frameworks > TypeScript を開く
2. Node interpreter に Node.js のパスを、 TypeScript に プロジェクト > node_modules にある TypeScript のパスを指定する
3. Recompile on changes にチェックを入れる

これで TypeScript のファイルを変更すると、自動でコンパイルされるようになります。

注意点として、 tsc -b のようにフォルダ・ファイルの生成は実行してくれない、というものがあります。

そのため、 TypeScript のファイルを追加したときは tsc -b を実行し、ファイルを生成しておく、というのが良さそうです。

静的ファイルのルーティング

さて、 ASP.NET Core で静的ファイルを有効にすると、 wwwroot 以下のファイルは全て外部からアクセスできるようになります。

例えばログインユーザーのみに見せたいなど、 Controller クラスを使ってルーティングをしたい場合はどうすれば良いでしょうか。

ここで静的ファイルのパスを Route として指定しても効果はありませんでした。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Route("/pages/Index.html")]
        public string Index()
        {
            return "hello";
        }
        ～省略～

これを実行しても、 wwwroot > pages > Index.html が表示されます。

まぁせっかくの ASP.NET Core なので、 Razor を使って View として返してやれば解決するのですが、今回は使わずに頑張ってみることにします。

UseStaticFiles でパス指定

Views の下に置いて。。。など試してみたのですが、結局 wwwroot 直下を公開するのではなく、その下の階層を公開し、ルーティングを行いたいファイル( HTML )を wwwroot 以下の別階層に置く、というのが良さそうという結果になりました。

Startup.cs

        ～省略～
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }

            app.UseStaticFiles(new StaticFileOptions
            {
                FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(
                    Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "wwwroot", "js")),
                RequestPath = "/js"
            });
            
            app.UseMvc();
        }
    }
}

これで localhost:5000/js/～ のファイルは表示されますが、 localhost:5000/pages/～ などのファイルは表示されなくなりました。

例えば wwwroot/css など他にも公開したい階層がある場合は、 app.UseStaticFiles をもう一つ追加します。

あとは、 Controller を使って表示されなくなった HTML ファイルを表示するようにします。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Route("/pages/Index.html")]
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            return File("pages/Index.html", "text/html");
        }
        ～省略～

これでルーティングが効くようになりました。

いったん切ります。

参照

• [Node.js] npm installするときはどのパッケージもローカルインストールで十分 - あるいてっく
• ASP.NET Core の静的ファイル - Microsoft Docs

Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 3

• はじめに
• trigger
• rule
• view
• money
• おわりに
• 参照

はじめに

• Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 1
• Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 2

さらっと終わるはずが、もう 3 回目。。。

まぁここは自分にすら役に立つかわからないことを興味の赴くままに調べていく場所。

今回もぼちぼち行きますよ。

trigger

テーブルに INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE が実行された時に特定の処理を実行する、 trigger を作ることができます。

処理自体は PL/pgSQL という言語を使います。

ここでは NumericValueText という text 型のカラムを追加し、 INSERT / UPDATE が実行された時に null か空白でなければ numeric に変換して NumericValue に入れる、という処理を作ってみたいと思います。

ALTER TABLE "NumberSample" ADD COLUMN "NumericValueText" text

手順としては、 function を作り、それを trigger として登録する、ということのようです。

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION im_the_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $set_numericvalue$
    BEGIN
        IF ((TG_OP = 'INSERT' OR TG_OP = 'UPDATE') AND NEW."NumericValueText" is not null) THEN
            NEW."NumericValue" := CAST(NEW."NumericValueText" AS numeric);
        END IF;
        RETURN NEW;
    END;
$set_numericvalue$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

大文字にしているからなのか、 IF ～ THEN のせいなのか、 VB っぽさを感じます。

注意点としては、最終行の 「$set_numericvalue$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;」。

これが無いと CREATE TRIGGER ～ の部分でエラーが発生します。

また trigger の名前で、 「$im_the_trigger$」のように設定しようとしたところ、「$」の部分でエラーとなりました。

調べてもよくわからなかったのですが、命名規則などがあるのでしょうか。

ともかく、 function が出来上がったらそれを元に trigger を作ります。

CREATE TRIGGER set_numericvalue BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON "NumberSample"
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE im_the_trigger()

ここで trigger と対象となるテーブルの紐づけを行います。

ちなみに trigger を削除する場合は 「DROP TRIGGER set_numericvalue ON "NumberSample"」 のように紐づけたテーブル名も指定する必要があります。

これで INSERT 、 UPDATE 実行時に NumericValueText の値がキャストされて NumericValue に入ります。

どう使うか

今回のケースでは、 C# で頑張って書いていた BigInteger -> string -> 小数点を戻す -> SQL で numeric に変換 といった手順を省略するのに使えそうです。

ただ、あまり不用意に使いすぎると例えば別のアプリから NumericValue の値を直接更新した場合など、想定外の動きにつながることもあり、注意が必要そうです。

trigger については今回ここまでですが、後述の view に対して作ることもできる、ということもあったり、別途もう少し何ができるのかなど遊んでみたいと思います。

rule

DB に rule を設定しておくことで、 INSERT 、 UPDATE 、 DELETE 時に本来の操作の代替となる操作を実行することができる…そうです。
( ON SELECT で条件付きで SELECT に適用することも可能)

試しに INSERT で、 NumericValueText が null でなければキャストした値を NumericValue にセットするようなルールを作ってみます。

CREATE OR REPLACE RULE set_numericvalue_on_insert AS ON INSERT TO "NumberSample" 
WHERE NEW."NumericValueText" IS NOT null
DO UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "NumericValue" = CAST(NEW."NumericValueText" AS numeric)

最初 DO UPDATE ～ を DO INSERT としていたのですが、無限ループになってしまうためエラーが発生しました。

UPDATE についても同じように rule を作ることができます。

ON SELECT

SELECT * FROM "NumberSample" が実行された時に、 NumericValue を含まないような rule が作れるか？と思ってみたのですが、 DO INSTEAD SELECT ～ で指定できる SELECT では、全カラムを含んでいる必要があり、難しいようです。

これが必要な場合、次の view を使うのが良さそうです。

view

SELECT 文において、これまで WHERE によるフィルタリングや CAST による変換などを行った上でデータを取得していました。

これを毎回指定しなくても、物理的なテーブルを作成した時と同じように扱うことができるもの(と思っている) が view です。

例えば下記のように view を作ると…

CREATE VIEW "NumberSampleView" ("Id", "NumericValueText")
AS SELECT "Id", "NumericValueText" FROM "NumberSample"
WHERE "Id" % 2 = 0

下記を実行したときに、「 SELECT "Id", "NumericValueText" FROM "NumberSample" WHERE "Id" % 2 = 0 」と同じ結果が得られます。

SELECT * FROM "NumberSampleView"

なお CREATE VIEW の「("Id", "NumericValueText")」で NumberSampleView におけるカラム名を指定しているため(省略可)、特にテーブルを結合している場合など、必要に応じて指定するのが良さそうです。

また上記では使っていませんが、 INNER JOIN などによる結合、 CAST 、 COUNT などによる元のテーブルにはないカラムの追加を行うこともできます。

ただし、 ORDER BY は使えないとのこと。

あと、テーブルを作成したときと同じように、とは言うものの、実際のところは元の SELECT 文が実行されるので、元のテーブル( NumberSample )の最新のデータが結果として返る、ということと、 view を作っても実行速度が速くなるわけではないということは覚えておくべきかもしれません。

Entity Framework Core での扱い

この view ですが、 Entity Framework Core (以下 EF Core )ではどのように扱うのでしょうか。

。。。と思ったら、通常の物理テーブルと同様に扱うことができるようです。

NumberSampleView.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSampleView")]
    public class NumberSampleView
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string NumericValueText { get; set; }
    }
}

EfCoreDataTypeSampleContext.cs

    ～省略～
    public DbSet< NumberSampleView> NumberSampleViews { get; set; }
    }
}

HomeController.cs

public async Task< List< NumberSampleView>> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSampleViews.ToListAsync();
}

view の更新

さて、このようにテーブルと同じように扱える view ですが、 INSERT や UPDATE はできるのでしょうか。

答えは条件付きでできます、ということです。

PostgreSQL 9.3 から、複数テーブルを結合していないこと・関数を使っていないことなどの条件を満たす view であれば、特に trigger などを作らなくてもそのまま INSERT や UPDATE ができるようになったそうです。

• PostgreSQL 9.3の新機能: 更新可能VIEW - Let's Postgres

そのため、このような処理を実行すると、 NumberSample にレコードが追加されます。

NumberSampleView newView = new NumberSampleView
{
        NumericValueText = "1234567"
};
_context.NumberSampleViews.Add(newView);
await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

※ NumericValueText 以外は serial などデフォルトで値が入るカラム以外は null になります。

view の作成条件によって更新できたりできなかったりというのは、規模が大きくなってくるとややこしくなりそうなので、どれも更新可能にしておくか、明示的に更新できる・できないがわかるように工夫する必要がありそうです。
( CREATE VIEW の時に information_schema を参照すると更新可能かわかる、とのことですが、特にアプリからだと見落としそうなので)

また、 view には再帰を使って結果を得る Recursive View やクエリの結果を実際のテーブルにキャッシュする Materialized View など種類があるので、これらも今後試してみたいところ。

• 再帰SQL - Let's Postgres
• PostgreSQL/Materialized Views - Jonathan Gardner's Tech Wiki

money

だいぶ寄り道した感がありますが、一応今回ラストのデータ型、 money です。

名前の通りお金を扱うデータ型である、と。

取り得る範囲は -92233720368547758.08 ～ +92233720368547758.07 です。

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "MoneyValue" = -92233720368547758.08 WHERE "Id" = 35;
UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "MoneyValue" = 92233720368547758.07 WHERE "Id" = 36;

0.08 や 0.07 など、中途半端な値に見えるのですが、これを超えてみるとどうなるのでしょうか。

小数点第4位以下を足してみる

-92233720368547758.081 のように、小数点第4位以下を足した場合。

小数点第4位以下 は切り捨てられ、特にエラーは発生しませんでした。

小数点第３位以上を足してみる

下記のエラーが発生しました。

ERROR: bigint out of range

bigint???

以前試した bigint の範囲 を見てみましょう。

-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ～ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

比較しやすいように、カンマ、ドットを省いて見てみます。

• bigint: -9223372036854775808 ～ 9223372036854775807
• money: -9223372036854775808 ～ 9223372036854775807

どうやら、 money 型は内部的には bigint で値を持っているようです。

なるほど～。

C# での扱い

小数点以下の値を持ち、正確に扱える、ということで decimal が良さそうです。

28 ～ 29 桁に収まりますし。

ただし、 decimal の方が扱うことのできる値の範囲が広いため、 C# 側から渡すときは注意が必要です。

NumberSample.cs

～省略～
namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        private decimal _moneyValue;
        public decimal MoneyValue
        {
            get => _moneyValue;
            set
            {
                var moneyText = value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture).Replace(".", "");
                if (long.TryParse(moneyText, out var longValue) == false)
                {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
                }
                _moneyValue = value;
            }
        }   
    }
}

雑極まりない感じですが、まぁチェックを入れてあげると良いよねということで。

PostgreSQL の money 型としては、 DB のロケールに合わせて値の扱いも変わる、というのも気になるところですが、少なくとも C# に渡して扱う分には特に変わらないよね、ということでこんな扱いとなっております。

おわりに

特に numeric 型の扱いなど、やっぱりちゃんと調べておかないとなかなかツラい。。。

view など今回軽く触っただけのものも、別途しっかり調べて使えるようにしたいところ。

また、数値型以外の型も色々気になるので、これらも追って調べてみたいと思います。

が、次回は諸事情によりフロントエンドに移る予定。

多分。

参照

• Learning PostgreSQL 11

trigger

• 42.9. トリガプロシージャ - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• Creating PostgreSQL Trigger Example
• PL/pgSQL の関数やトリガーを使ってみる（PostgreSQL）
• PostgreSQL: IS NOT NULL

rule

• CREATE RULE - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• 40.4. INSERT、UPDATE、DELETEについてのルール - PostgreSQL 10.5文書

view

• 40.2. ビューとルールシステム - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• PostgreSQL 9.3の新機能: 更新可能VIEW - Let's Postgres

Money

• PostgreSQL: Documentation: 11: 8.2. Monetary Types

Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 2

• はじめに
• numeric
  • [numeric] 他の型で受け取ってみる
  • [numeric] string 型で受け取る
  • [numeric] BigInteger を使う
• おわりに

はじめに

• Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 1

続きは numeric から。

なお、前回の結果を見る限り、下記は値の範囲が異なるだけで特に結果に違いはなさそうなのでスキップすることにします。

• serial (int)
• real (float)
• smallint (short)
• smallserial (short)

numeric

やってきました numeric 。 PostgreSQL の numeric が取り得る値の範囲は、小数点より上は131072桁まで、小数点より下は16383桁まで、とのことです。

C# でこれに近いと言えそうなのは decimal ですが、値の範囲は 28 から 29 桁の数字であり、全く足りていません。

これに関しては C# の能力不足というより PostgreSQL がすごすぎる、という話ではありますが。

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "NumericValue" = -1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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WHERE "Id" = 3;

恐ろしい数だ。。。

NumberSample.cs

～省略～
namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        public decimal NumericValue { get; set; }       
    }
}

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSamples
        .ToListAsync();
}
～省略～

で、これを decimal 型で受け取ろうとすると。。。

OverflowException: Numeric value does not fit in a System.Decimal

ですよね～／(^o^)＼

double にしたところで 308 桁。。。

Java には BigDecimal という型があり、下記を参考にすると DB の値をそのまま持つことができそうな気がします。

• java.math.BigDecimalの最大桁数（理論値） - きどたかのブログ
• BigDecimal (Java SE 11 & JDK 11 )

が、 C# に BigDecimal はありません。

[numeric] 他の型で受け取ってみる

とりあえず DB に入っている値をそのまま受け取ることは無理そう、ということはわかりました。

では他の型で受け取ることはできないでしょうか。

値をそのまま表示するだけであれば、 string で受け取ってしまえば実現できそうです。

[numeric] string 型で受け取る

DB では計算など処理を行いたいため、カラムの型は変更せずに C# 側だけを変更したいところ。

ということで、下記のようにしてみました。

NumberSample.cs

～省略～

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        [IgnoreDataMember]
        public decimal NumericValue { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        public string NumericValueText { get; set; }       
    }
}

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSamples
        .Select(n => new NumberSample
        {
            Id = n.Id,
            BigIntValue = n.BigIntValue,
            BigSerialValue = n.BigSerialValue, 
            DoubleValue = n.DoubleValue,
            IntegerValue = n.IntegerValue,
            NumericValueText = n.NumericValue.ToString(),
        })
        .ToListAsync();
}
～省略～

DB とのやりとりは NumericValue で行い、 C# での処理は NumericValueText で行います。

これで問題なく結果を受け取ることができました。

このからくりですが、まず上記を実行すると、下記のような SQL が出力されます。

SELECT n."Id", n."BigIntValue", n."BigSerialValue", n."DoubleValue", n."IntegerValue", CAST(n."NumericValue" AS text) AS "NumericValueText"
      FROM "NumberSample" AS n

DB 側で numeric 型の値が string(text) に変換され、 C# 側では変換後の値を受け取ることになるため、エラーが起きずに結果が取得できる、ということです。

注意

※ ToString() に、 ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture) のように引数を渡してはいけません。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSamples
        .Select(n => new NumberSample
        {
            ～省略～
            NumericValueText = n.NumericValue.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),
        })
        .ToListAsync();
}
～省略～

のように Select を書いてしまうと、下記のような SQL が出力されます。

SELECT n."Id", n."BigIntValue", n."BigSerialValue", n."DoubleValue", n."IntegerValue", n."NumericValue"
      FROM "NumberSample" AS n

SQL で CAST が実行されず、 C# 側で numeric の値を受け取って string に変換することとなり、エラーが発生します。

普通であれば特に問題も発生しないのですが、ちょっと怖い(´・ω・｀)

[numeric] BigInteger を使う

さて、受け取った値を表示することはできたわけですが、当然ながらこのままでは計算したりすることはできません。

C# でも計算する必要がある場合はどうするか。

先ほど C# に BigDecimal はない、と書きましたが、 BigInteger はあります。

• BigInteger Struct (System.Numerics) - Microsoft Docs

理論上上限・下限は存在しないとのこと。

頼もしい！

BigInteger を使用するためには、 NuGet で System.Runtime.Numerics をインストールします。

で、 Integer というだけあって、扱うことができるのは整数のみです。

ということは、小数点以下をいったん整数にして、最後に戻す、という処理を行うことになります。

NumberSample.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        [IgnoreDataMember]
        public decimal NumericValue { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        public string NumericValueText { get; set; }
        
        [NotMapped]
        public BigInteger NumericValueBigInteger { get; set; }
        
    }
}

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
{
    List< NumberSample> numberSamples = await _context.NumberSamples
        .Select(n => new NumberSample
        {
            ～省略～
            NumericValueText = n.NumericValue.ToString(),
        })
        .ToListAsync();

    // 小数点以下の数値を整数として扱うためにこの値を整数部分にかけて合算する.
    BigInteger adjuster = BigInteger.Pow(10, 16383);
    
    foreach (NumberSample numberSample in numberSamples)
    {
        string[] splitTexts = numberSample.NumericValueText.Split(".");
        if (BigInteger.TryParse(splitTexts[0], out BigInteger integerValue))
        {
            integerValue *= adjuster;

            BigInteger decimalValue;
            if (splitTexts.Length >= 2)
            {
                BigInteger.TryParse(splitTexts[1], out decimalValue);
            }
            numberSample.NumericValueBigInteger = integerValue + decimalValue;
        }
    }

    return numberSamples;
}
～省略～

うぅ。。。数字がでかすぎて、合ってるのかどうかも桁数くらいしかわからない。。。

なお BigInteger の値を JSON に渡してもエラーにはなりませんが、 Infinity になります。

まぁ当然ではありますが。

追加・更新

検索は何とかなりましたが、追加・更新はどうでしょうか。

今回調べた中では直接 SQL を書く必要がありそうです。

理由は、 C# では BigInteger 以外での(例えば decimal など)の型で値を持つことができず、小数点以下の値を持った値に戻せないためです。

検索時は Select の中で指定することで、型のキャストなどを行うことができましたが、 CREATE 、 UPDATE では SQL が発行されるのは C# でのキャストなどの処理が終わった後になるため、エラーとなります。

これを考えると、これまでとは異なり直接 SQL を書く必要がありそうです。

var bigIntegerValueText = numberSamples[0].NumericValueBigInteger.ToString();
var originalValueText = bigIntegerValueText.Insert(bigIntegerValueText.Length - 16383, ".");

var result = await _context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommandAsync(
    "UPDATE \"NumberSample\" SET \"NumericValue\" = CAST({0} as numeric), " +
    "\"DoubleValue\"= {1} WHERE \"Id\" = {2}",
    originalValueText,
    3,
    35);

• c# - Entity Framework Core: Update relation with Id only without extra call - Stack Overflow
• Raw SQL Queries - EF Core - Microsoft Docs

トランザクションなどの処理はスキップしています。

また ExecuteSqlCommandAsync で値を渡すときに、 BigInteger をそのまま渡そうとするとエラーになりました。

上記のように string などに変換しておく必要がありそうです。

おわりに

一応これで追加や更新もできるようにはなりましたが、そもそもまともに受け取られない値を使って計算する、というのは無理があるように思います。

できれば計算などの処理ももっと DB に頼ってしまいたいところ。

次回は残っている Money 型の扱いと合わせて、 DB のトリガーを引いたり、 CRUD 以外の DB の処理は呼べるのか？といったところも調べてみたいと思います。

Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 1

• はじめに
• bigint
• bigserial
• double precision
• integer
• 参照

はじめに

Entity Framework Core (以下 EF Core)を使って PostgreSQL に数値データを追加したり取得したりしているときに、エラーが発生することがありました。

値を丸めたりして対処したりはしたものの、どういうデータでエラーが出るのか、ということが気になったので試してみることにしました。

数値データ編としましたが、他のデータ型については気が向いたらやります。

どちらかというと、 PostgreSQL に比較的最近？追加された JSON 型や Address 型などが扱えるのか？というのが気になるところではあります。

準備

とりあえず PostgreSQL のドキュメントを参考に、数値データを持つテーブルを作ります。

• Documentation: 11: Chapter 8. Data Types - PostgreSQL
• 8.1. 数値データ型 - PostgreSQL 10.5文書

CREATE Table "NumberSample" (
    "Id" serial PRIMARY KEY,
    "BigIntValue" bigint,
    "BigSerialValue" bigserial,
    "DoubleValue" double precision,
    "IntegerValue" integer,
    "NumericValue" numeric,
    "SerialValue" serial,
    "RealValue" real,
    "SmallIntValue" smallint,
    "SmallSerialValue" smallserial,
    "MoneyValue" money
)

検証は、

1. DB に各データ型の MAX/MIN 値を持つレコードを追加し、 EF Core でそれを検索
2. C# の MAX/MIN 値の幅が DB 側より広い場合はその値を含むレコードを追加
3. C# の MAX/MIN 値が DB 側より狭い場合は、 C# での MAX/MIN 値を含むレコードを追加

これでエラーになるかを調べ、エラーを抑える方法(数値を丸めるなど)も調べてみたいと思います。

なお C# 側の MAX/MIN 値は下記を参考にしています。

• 整数型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs
• 浮動小数点型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs

bigint

PostgreSQL における bigint の取り得る範囲は -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ～ +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 。

C# でこれに近い範囲を持つ型は、 long 型です (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ～ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)。

INSERT INTO "NumberSample" ("BigIntValue") VALUES (-9223372036854775808);
INSERT INTO "NumberSample" ("BigIntValue") VALUES (9223372036854775807);

BigSerialValue などのカラムは、 MIN 値( Id = 2 )、 MAX 値( Id = 3 )のレコードを更新する形で値を入れていくことにします。

NumberSample.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public long BigIntValue { get; set; }        
    }
}

HomeController.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Storage;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly EfCoreDataTypeSampleContext _context;

        public HomeController(EfCoreDataTypeSampleContext context)
        {
            _context = context;
        }
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Produces("application/json")]
        public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
        {
            return await _context.NumberSamples
                .ToListAsync();
        }
        [Route("/Create")]
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    BigIntValue = -9223372036854775808,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    BigIntValue = 9223372036854775807,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }
        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task< bool> Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                minNumber.BigIntValue = GetOppositeBigIntValue(minNumber.BigIntValue);
            
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                maxNumber.BigIntValue = GetOppositeBigIntValue(maxNumber.BigIntValue);
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
        private long GetOppositeBigIntValue(long originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 9223372036854775807;
            }
            return -9223372036854775808;
        }
    }
}

REST はいずこという感じですが、今回は気にしない方向で。。。

結果としては、検索、追加、更新ともに値が変化することなくやり取りできました。

ただ一点、 Index() で返される JSON を Firefox で見たところ、下記のように表示されていました。

生データをみると正しい値になっていたため、 JSON を整形して表示する上で発生しているだけのようですが、注意が必要かもしれません。

bigserial

PostgreSQL における bigserial の取り得る範囲は 1 ～ +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 。

C# でこれに近い範囲を持つ型は、 ulong 型です (0 ～ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)。

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "BigSerialValue" = 1 WHERE "Id" = 2;
UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "BigSerialValue" = 9223372036854775807 WHERE "Id" = 3

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    BigSerialValue = 0,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    BigSerialValue = 9223372036854775807,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }
        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                ～省略～
                minNumber.BigSerialValue = GetOppositeBigSerialValue(minNumber.BigSerialValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber.BigSerialValue = GetOppositeBigSerialValue(maxNumber.BigSerialValue);
            
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private ulong GetOppositeBigSerialValue(ulong originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 9223372036854775807;
            }
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

結果は、値が変化することなく検索、追加、更新されました。

あれ？

ulong は最小値が 0 のため、範囲から外れているのに。。。

と思ったら、カラムのデータ型としては bigint で設定されるため、明示的に指定して入れる分には先ほどと同じ範囲の値が扱える、ということのようです。

bigserial の範囲というのは、値が空であった場合に自動でインクリメントした値をセットする、シーケンスの取り得る範囲のようです。

double precision

double precision ですが、範囲は 15桁精度 となっています。

実際どの程度の桁数まで登録できるのかを確認したところ、整数部分はドキュメント通り 1E-307 ～ 1E+308 程度であり、私の環境で確認したところ、308 桁を超えるとエラーとなっていました。 小数点以下は 1000 桁ぐらいでもエラーにはならないのですが、インサート後は小数点第 15 位で四捨五入され(これが 15桁精度 ということなのかと)、それ以下は反映されません。

また 1E+308 のように指数表記が使われている場合、小数点以下が丸められてしまうようです。

C# で doule が持つ MAX/MIN 値として、 double.MaxValue/double.MinValue があります。

それぞれ +1.79769313486232e+308 / -1.79769313486232e+308 であり、これも合わせて試すことにします。

あと、小数点第 15 位以下を持つ値を使った場合も見てみたいと思います。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/Create")]
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.MinValue
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.MaxValue
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                NumberSample newMinNumber2 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = -99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber2);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber2 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber2);
                
                NumberSample newMinNumber3 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = -3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber3);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber3 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = 3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber3);
                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }

        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                ～省略～
                minNumber.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue(minNumber.DoubleValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue(maxNumber.DoubleValue);
                
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber2 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 6);
                ～省略～
                minNumber2.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue2(minNumber2.DoubleValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber2 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 7);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber2.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue2(maxNumber2.DoubleValue);
                
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber3 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 8);
                ～省略～
                minNumber3.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue3(minNumber3.DoubleValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber3 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 9);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber3.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue3(maxNumber3.DoubleValue);
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return double.MaxValue;
            }

            return double.MinValue;
        }
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue2(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
            }

            return -99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
        }
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue3(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333;
            }

            return -3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333;
        }
    }
}

結果は下記の通りです( maxNumber, minNumber などの名前は Create() のものです)。

• maxNumber: C#, DB ともに 1.79769313486232e+308
• minNumber: C#, DB ともに -1.79769313486232e+308
• maxNumber2: C#, DB ともに 1e+308
• minNumber2: C#, DB ともに -1e+308
• maxNumber3: C# では 3.3333333333333335 、 DB では 3.33333333333333
• minNumber3: C# では -3.3333333333333335 、 DB では -3.33333333333333

C# と PostgreSQL では、小数点の丸め方が異なるようです。

maxNumber3 、 minNumber3 の違いは、 C# から値を入れた場合も DB から取得した場合も両方同じ値になります。

Double なので正確性はないとはいえ、場合によっては注意が必要かもしれません。

NaN 、 Infinity

思い付きでこれらも確認してみることにしました。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                ～省略～                
                NumberSample newMinNumber4 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.NaN,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber4);
            
                NumberSample newMinNumber5 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.NegativeInfinity,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber5);
                
                NumberSample newMaxNumber5 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.PositiveInfinity,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber5);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }
        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                ～省略～                
                // NaN
                NumberSample nanNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 10);
                ～省略～
                nanNumber.DoubleValue = double.NaN;
                
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber5 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 11);
                ～省略～
                minNumber5.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue5(minNumber5.DoubleValue);

                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber5 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 12);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber5.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue5(maxNumber5.DoubleValue);
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue5(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return double.PositiveInfinity;
            }

            return double.NegativeInfinity;
        }
    }
}

結果は、検索、追加、更新ともに値が変化することなく値が渡されていました。

ただし JSON では文字列として渡されていました。

おそらく変換自体はできるものと思いますが。

integer

PostgreSQL における integer の範囲は -2147483648 ～ +2147483647 。

C# でこれに近い範囲を持つ型は、int です。 ( -2147483648 ～ +2147483647 )

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "IntegerValue" = -2147483648 WHERE "Id" = 2;
UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "IntegerValue" = 2147483647 WHERE "Id" = 3

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    IntegerValue = int.MinValue,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    IntegerValue = int.MaxValue,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }

        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                ～省略～
                minNumber.IntegerValue = GetOppositeIntValue(minNumber.IntegerValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber.IntegerValue = GetOppositeIntValue(maxNumber.IntegerValue);

                ～省略～
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private int GetOppositeIntValue(int originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return int.MaxValue;
            }

            return int.MinValue;
        }
        
    }
}

結果は、検索、追加、更新ともに値が変化することなく値が渡されていました。

範囲外の値

ここまで C# 、 PostgreSQL のデータ型の取り得る値の範囲が同じであったこともあり、範囲内の値だけを用いて確認していました。

では、範囲外の値が入るとどうなるのでしょうか。

C# 側の値が大きすぎ・小さすぎた場合

IntegerValue の値を long に変更し、long.Max / long.Min を入れてみたところ、下記の例外が発生しました。

PostgresException: 22003: integer out of range

PostgreSQL 側の値が大きすぎ・小さすぎた場合

IntegerValue の値を short に変更し、検索を行ったところ、下記の例外が発生しました。

OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow.

当然といえば当然ですが、エラーが起きる場所が異なりますね。

いったん切ります。

参照

• Documentation: 11: Chapter 8. Data Types - PostgreSQL
• 8.1. 数値データ型 - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• 整数型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs
• 浮動小数点型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs

PgAdmin4, Entity Framework Core 周り小ネタ

• はじめに
• [PgAdmin4] クエリ実行
• [PgAdmin4] バックアップとリストア
• [EFCore] 複合主キー
• 参照

はじめに

PgAdmin4 や Entity Framework Core (以下 EF Core )を使ってあれこれ試しているうちに、取り立てて大きなトピックにするほどでもないけど、という程度の小ネタがたまってきた気がするので、ここにまとめてみます。

[PgAdmin4] クエリ実行

PgAdmin4 で PostgreSQL に接続して、さあ CREATE TABLE でテーブル作るぞ！と思ったらクエリ実行するウインドウらしきものがない？？？

と思ったら、 Database のツリーの上にありました。

なおこのウインドウはタブで開くのですが、ボタンをポチポチ押しているとその分タブが開いていきます。

過去に実行した SQL は Query History から見たり Copy All でコピーしたりできますが、タブを閉じてしまうと消えてしまうため、状況に応じて保存が必要です。

その他ツリーの Schemas から、作ったテーブルやトリガー、主キーや制約などをみることができます。

簡単な変更( Not Null にするとか)なら Property などから実行できてしまうのも便利ですね。

[PgAdmin4] バックアップとリストア

バックアップ

作った Database のバックアップ(論理)を作成するには、ツリー上にある対象の Database 上で右クリック > Backup を選択します。

FileName では保存先をファイル名まで指定します。

Format として sql 、 backup 、または all files が選択できますが、例えば sql を選んでいても拡張子として .sql が付くわけではないので注意が必要です。

注意が必要ですと書きましたが、主に影響を受けるのは後述のリストア時に Format を all files にしないと表示されない、というくらいで、バックアップやリストアの結果には関係ありません。多分。

Format ですが、バックアップ時のデフォルトは sql になっていますが、リストア時のデフォルトは backup になっているため、リストア時の手間を省くという意味で(他に理由が無ければ) backup にするのが良さそうです。

あと Encoding は UTF8 にしました。

少し引っかかったのがバックアップ結果の表示。

Stop Process の赤いボタンが気になりすぎて、「あれ？なんか失敗してる？」としばらくあれこれ確認してしまいました(；ﾟДﾟ)

いや、 Successfully とか書いているしわかるのですけれども。

リストア

リストアのためには復元対象となる Database が必要です。

ということで空の Database を作り、ツリー上で右クリック > Restore を選択します。

こちらは FileName で先ほどのバックアップファイルを選択すれば OK です。

[EFCore] 複合主キー

例えば下記のように複合主キーを持つテーブルを参照する場合。

CREATE TABLE "Book2"(
    "Book2Id" Integer not null,
    "BookId" Bigint references "Book"("Id"),
    "Name" TEXT,
    PRIMARY KEY("Book2Id", "BookId")
)

こんな感じでデータを入れます。

INSERT INTO "Book2"(
    "Book2Id",
    "BookId",
    "Name"
)
VALUES(
    0,
    1,
    'Bookだよ'
);
INSERT INTO "Book2"(
    "Book2Id",
    "BookId",
    "Name"
)
VALUES(
    1,
    1,
    'Book1でした'
);
INSERT INTO "Book2"(
    "Book2Id",
    "BookId",
    "Name"
)
VALUES(
    2,
    2,
    'Bookですか？'
);
INSERT INTO "Book2"(
    "Book2Id",
    "BookId",
    "Name"
)
VALUES(
    2,
    3,
    'Bookだってば'
);

これをこうして

Book2.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    [Table("Book2")]
    public class Book2
    {
        public int Book2Id { get; set; }
        public int BookId { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext.cs

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    public class EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext: DbContext
    {
        public EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext(DbContextOptions< EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext> options)
            : base(options)
        {
            
        }
        public DbSet< Store> Stores { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Author> Authors { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Book> Books { get; set; }

        public DbSet< Book2> Books2 { get; set; }
    }
}

こうするとどうなるか。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
foreach (Book2 book in _context.Books2)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"ID: {book.Book2Id} BookID: {book.BookId} Name: {book.Name}");
}
～省略～

出力結果はこちらです。

ID: 0 BookID: 1 Name: Bookだよ
ID: 1 BookID: 1 Name: Book1でした
ID: 2 BookID: 2 Name: Bookですか？
ID: 2 BookID: 2 Name: Bookですか？

。。。あれ？

Entity Framework Core では、主キーが指定されていない場合、 ～Id という名前のプロパティを主キーとして扱うようです。

今回の場合、 Book2Id がユニークのものは問題がないのですが、 4 つ目のレコードは 3 つ目と重複しているため、上記のような結果となりました。

ではどうするか。 DbContext クラスで主キーを指定してやります。

EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext.cs

～省略～
    public class EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext: DbContext
    {
        public EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext(DbContextOptions< EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext> options)
            : base(options)
        {
            
        }
        
        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Entity< Book2>().HasKey(b => new {b.Book2Id, b.BookId});
        }
        
        public DbSet< Store> Stores { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Author> Authors { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Book> Books { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Book2> Books2 { get; set; }
    }
～省略～

これで正しい結果が得られます。

ID: 0 BookID: 1 Name: Bookだよ
ID: 1 BookID: 1 Name: Book1でした
ID: 2 BookID: 2 Name: Bookですか？
ID: 2 BookID: 3 Name: Bookだってば

なお、 INNER JOIN で複数カラムを指定して ON としたい場合も HasKey による指定が必要となります。

※下記を見ると [Key] を複数付ける方法でも解決できそうです。

• Entity Framework コードファーストで複合キーを使ってみる - しばやん雑記

参照

• Entity Framework Core in Action - Manning

【Entity Framework Core】 N + 1 とかなんとか 2

• はじめに
• あんまり速くない
• もう一回 Include を使ってみる
• いつ値はセットされるか
• コンストラクターで全レコード読み込んでみる(失敗)
• 怒りの手動 Include
• おわりに
• 参照

はじめに

• 【Entity Framework Core】 N + 1 とかなんとか 1

続きです。

今回は処理速度を雑に計測してみるところから。

あんまり速くない

前回の Include を使った処理、INNER JOIN で取ってきた値を C# でまとめた処理、そして SELECT 文がたくさん発行される処理を計測してみることにしました。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Produces("application/json")]
        public async Task> Index()
        {
            var watch = new System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch();
            watch.Start();

            // ------ ここの部分を差し替え ------
            List< Store> results = await _context.Stores
                .Include(s => s.Authors)
                .ThenInclude(a => a.Books)
                .ToListAsync();

            foreach (var result in results)
            {
                foreach (var author in result.Authors)
                {
                    author.Books = author.Books.Where(b => b.Available).ToList();
                }
            }
            // ------ ここまで ------

            watch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("time " + watch.ElapsedMilliseconds);

            return results;
        }
    }
}

計測方法はもう少しちゃんと考えた方が良いかもしれませんが、今回はこれで試すことにしました。

また、SELECT 文がたくさん投げられちゃうバージョンは、前回別のクラスに格納していたため他と合わせることにしました。

結果

Include

• 3615 ms
• 4659 ms
• 2876 ms

N+1

• 3156 ms
• 2680 ms
• 3975 ms

index

• 3931 ms
• 2805 ms
• 2604 ms

… 3 回ずつしか計測していないこともあり、ばらつきがあることを考慮すると、あまりどれも変わらないような。。。

INNER JOIN を使ったコードも結局のところ、 SELECT 文を投げなくなった分 C# のコードで繰り返し処理をしているわけで、そもそも Include を使った時に速くなりうるのは DB アクセスとの速度差によるものなのでしょう。

※今回のように DB 、 アプリの両方がローカルサーバー上で動いている状態より、別々のサーバーで動いているような状態だとわかりやすいのかもしれません。

もう一回 Include を使ってみる

結局速度に大差がないのであれば、せめてシンプルに書きたいところ。

ということで、 Include をもう少し見てみることにしました。

いつ値はセットされるか

前回少しだけ触れましたが、 Include というのは DB に頻繁にアクセスされることが予想される場合に、あらかじめデータを読み込んでおき、発行される SELECT 文の数を減らすための機能と理解しています。

ということは、大量にレコードがあるテーブルを不用意に Include しちゃうとかえって遅くなったり。。。？

というところも気になるのですが、まずはどのタイミングで Store クラスの Authors や Author クラスの Store に値がセットされるのかを調べてみます。

やり方は単純で、それぞれの Setter でコンソールに出力するよう手を加えるだけです。

Store.css

～省略～
private List< Author> _authers;

[NotMapped]
public List< Author> Authors
{
    get { return _authers;}
    set
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Set Authors");
        _authers = value;
    }
}
～省略～

Author.cs

～省略～
private Store _store;
        
[NotMapped]
[IgnoreDataMember]
public Store Store {
    get { return _store;}
    set
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Set Store");
        _store = value;
    }
    
}
～省略～

先ほどの Include と、ついでに Include せず個別に実行するとどうなるのか見てみることにしました。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
Console.WriteLine("Prepare");

List< Store> stores = await _context.Stores.ToList();
List< Author> authors = await _context.Authors.ToList();
List< Book> books = await _context.Books.ToList();

Console.WriteLine("Start Including");

List< Store> results = _context.Stores
        .Include(s => s.Authors)
        .ThenInclude(a => a.Books)
        .ToList();

Console.WriteLine("end");
～省略～

順番がわかりすいよう同期的に実行しています。

出力された内容はこんな感じ。

Prepare

[Store に対する SELECT]
[Author に対する SELECT]

Set Store
Set Authors
Set Store
Set Store
Set Store
Set Authors
Set Store
Set Store

[Book に対する SELECT]

Start Including

[Include の SQL]

Set Store
Set Store
Set Store
Set Authors
Set Store
Set Store
Set Store

end

う～ん、よくわからない順番。。。

Store.Authors が Include では一回呼ばれていないのも気になりますね。

まぁそれはそれとして、 ToList で実体化するときに値がセットされることはわかりました。

また、最初に全レコードを読み込んだ後も、 _context.Stores などでアクセスするたびに値がセットされているのもわかります。

…これあんまり呼ばない方が良いのでは。。。？

コンストラクターで全レコード読み込んでみる(失敗)

_context.Stores などによる DB アクセスはあまり頻繁に行わない方が良さそう、ということであれば、最初に全部読み込んでしまえば...？

と思ったのでやってみました。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
private readonly EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext _context;

private List< Store> _stores;

public HomeController(EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext context)
{
    _context = context;
    
    _stores = _context.Stores
        .Include(s => s.Authors)
        .ThenInclude(a => a.Books)
        .ToList();
}
[Route("/")]
[Route("/Home")]
[Produces("application/json")]
public async Task> Index()
{ 
    List< Store> results = _stores
        /* Where とか Select とか */
        .ToList();

～省略～

ぱっと見は良さげな感じです。

見た感じは。

問題点 1

大きく 2 つ問題があるのですが、まず 1 つ目。

_stores に対して Where でフィルタリングを掛けてしまうと、 Include していたはずの Authors が空になってしまいます。

おそらく値がセットされるタイミングのためと考えられますが、手動で Author のリストをセットしても正しくセットされませんでした。

そのため、今回のような使い方をしようとすると、常に同じ条件で(つまり全レコード)返す必要がでてきます。

問題点 2

値が追加されるなど、 DB が更新されても反映されません。

まぁそれはそうですよね。というところでもありますが。

更新時にも必ず _stores の内容を変更した上で DB を変更する、ということにすればある程度までは対応できるかもしれませんが、直接、または別アプリで DB を更新された場合はどうすることもできません。

ということで、前もって読み込んでおく方法はとらない方が良さそうです。

怒りの手動 Include

最初に前もって読み込んでおく方法は使えず、 Include した値をフィルタリングするためにはいったん全部読み込む必要があって。。。

だんだん悲しくなってきた気がしますが気のせいですよね。

さて、 Include の役割というのは、最初に必要なデータを一括で読み込んでしまい、個別に SELECT 文を発行しなくて良いようにする、ということ。

であれば、Include を使わず直接値を入れてしまっても良さそうです。

EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext.cs

～省略～
    public class EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext: DbContext
    {
        public EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        {
            
        }
        public DbSet< Store> Stores { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Author> Authors { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Book> Books { get; set; }
    }
}

• HasMany などを取り除いて、デフォルトとほぼ同じ状態に戻しました。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
List< Store> stores = await _context.Stores.ToListAsync();

List< Author> authors = await (from author in _context.Authors
        join store in stores on author.StoreId equals store.Id
        select author)
    .ToListAsync();

List< Book> books = await (from book in _context.Books
        join author in authors on book.AuthorId equals author.Id
        where book.Available
        select book)
    .ToListAsync();

foreach (Author author in authors)
{
    author.Books = books.Where(b => b.AuthorId == author.Id).ToList();
}

foreach (Store store in stores)
{
    store.Authors = authors.Where(a => a.StoreId == store.Id).ToList();
}
～省略～

• 今回の条件では Stores や Authors はフィルタリングしていないため Join は不要ですね。

これでフィルタリングした値を持たせることができる！…は良いのですが、やっぱり目から汗が。

おわりに

結論としては、

• 階層構造を持ったデータを取得する際、特に検索結果が多い場合、大量の SELECT 文が発行されてしまい、パフォーマンス問題の原因となる場合がある
• Include などを使ってあらかじめ DB から値を取得しておくことでそれを抑えることができる
• とはいえ最初に読み込んでそのまま保持、とするのは難しそう

といったところでしょうか。

次回に続く。。。かも。

参照

• Entity Framework Core in Action - Manning
• 関連データの読み込み - EF Core - Microsoft Docs

【Entity Framework Core】 N + 1 とかなんとか 1

• はじめに
• 準備
• N + 1 問題について
• Include
• Include を使った場合のフィルタリング
• C# で JOIN した結果をまとめる
• 参照

はじめに

今日も Entity Framework Core と戯れているワタクシですが、いわゆる N + 1 問題が気になってしまったのであれこれ試してみたメモです。

準備

環境

• ASP.NET Core 2.2
• Entity Framework Core 2.2.2
• Npgsql.EntityFrameworkCore.PostgreSQL 2.2.0

前提条件など

画像のように、 Store が複数の Author を持ち、その Author が複数の Book を持つ、というテーブル間の関係性を持つ場合。
( Store に Author が紐づくのはおかしい、という話はあるかもしれませんが、ここでは見逃してください(..)_)

Class

各モデルクラスは下記とします。

Store.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    [Table("Store")]
    public class Store
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

Author.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    [Table("Author")]
    public class Author
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        [ForeignKey("Store")]
        public int StoreId { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

Book.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    [Table("Book")]
    public class Book
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        [ForeignKey("Author")]
        public int AuthorId { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public bool Available { get; set; }
    }
}

SQL

SQL はこんな感じ。

Store

CREATE TABLE "Store" (
    "Id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    "Name" TEXT NOT NULL)

Author

CREATE TABLE "Author" (
    "Id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    "StoreId" BIGINT REFERENCES "Store"("Id"),
    "Name" TEXT NOT NULL)

Book

CREATE TABLE "Book" (
    "Id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    "AuthorId" BIGINT REFERENCES "Author"("Id"),
    "Name" TEXT NOT NULL,
    "Available" BOOLEAN NOT NULL)

データは Store: 3 件、 Author: 6 件、 Book: 18 件程追加してみました。

取得したいデータ

で、下記の StoreItem のようなクラスのリストを取得したいとします。

StoreItem.cs

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    public class StoreItem
    {
        public Store Store { get; set; }
        public List< AuthorItem> Authors { get; set; }
    }
}

AuthorItem

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    public class AuthorItem
    {
        public Author Author { get; set; }
        public List< Book> Books { get; set; }
    }
}

N + 1 問題について

ようやく課題の話に入れます。

これを実現しようと、まずあまり何も考えずに、下記のように書いてみました。

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Controllers
{
    public class BooksController : Controller
    {
        private readonly EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext _context;

        public BooksController(EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext context)
        {
            _context = context;
        }
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Produces("application/json")]
        public async Task< List< StoreItem>> Index()
        {
            List< StoreItem> results = await _context.Stores.Select(s => new StoreItem
                {
                    Store = s,
                    Authors = _context.Authors.Where(a => a.StoreId == s.Id)
                        .Select(a => new AuthorItem
                        {
                            Author = a,
                            Books = _context.Books.Where(b => b.AuthorId == a.Id).ToList(),
                        }).ToList(),
                })
                .ToListAsync();
            return results;
        }
    }
}

これで目的の結果自体は得ることができます。

で、何が問題なのかというと、 SQL が大量に発行されてしまい、結果の数が増えれば増えるほどパフォーマンスが低下してしまうことです。

今回はコンソールに出力されていた分で 10 回発行されているのが確認できました。

info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (7ms) [Parameters=[], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT s."Id", s."Name"
      FROM "Store" AS s
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (19ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT a."Id", a."Name", a."StoreId"
      FROM "Author" AS a
      WHERE a."StoreId" = @_outer_Id
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (311ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id1='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT b."Id", b."AuthorId", b."Available", b."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS b
      WHERE b."AuthorId" = @_outer_Id1
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (6ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id1='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT b."Id", b."AuthorId", b."Available", b."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS b
      WHERE b."AuthorId" = @_outer_Id1
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (4ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id1='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT b."Id", b."AuthorId", b."Available", b."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS b
      WHERE b."AuthorId" = @_outer_Id1
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (3ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT a."Id", a."Name", a."StoreId"
      FROM "Author" AS a
      WHERE a."StoreId" = @_outer_Id
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (2ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT a."Id", a."Name", a."StoreId"
      FROM "Author" AS a
      WHERE a."StoreId" = @_outer_Id
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (3ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id1='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT b."Id", b."AuthorId", b."Available", b."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS b
      WHERE b."AuthorId" = @_outer_Id1
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (3ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id1='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT b."Id", b."AuthorId", b."Available", b."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS b
      WHERE b."AuthorId" = @_outer_Id1
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (5ms) [Parameters=[@_outer_Id1='?' (DbType = Int32)], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT b."Id", b."AuthorId", b."Available", b."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS b
      WHERE b."AuthorId" = @_outer_Id1

内訳は下記の通りです。

• Store への SELECT: 1 回
• Author への SELECT: 3 回
• Book への SELECT: 6 回

Store が 3 件あるのでそこに紐づく Author を 3 回検索し、 Author が 6 件あるので Book を 6 回検索している、ということのようです。

当然レコード数が増えればさらに増えていくことになります。

というのが N + 1 問題で、このような問題は言語を問わず、 Entity Framework Core のような ORM を使う場合に起こりがちであるようです。
(リンクは Ruby ばかりですが)

• N+1問題とは - Qiita
• N+1問題 - Railsの小技 - DoRuby

これを防ぐ方法として、上記サイトでは includes を使って先にテーブルの情報を読み込んでおき、発行される SQL の数を抑える、という方法をとっています。

また、発行される SQL の数を抑える、ということであれば JOIN を使って Author や Book がリストに入っていない状態(各レコードが別の行に分かれた状態)で一旦結果を取得し、 C# 側で加工する、という方法も良いかもしれません。

ということで試してみます。

Include

Ruby(ActiveRecord?) にはあるらしい includes 、 Entity Framework Core ではどうかしらと思ったらありました。

• 関連データの読み込み - EF Core - Microsoft Docs

準備

Include を使うには、例えば Store と Author が、 Store:1 < - > Author:多 の関係にあることを教えておく必要があります。

Store.cs

～省略～
    public class Store
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        [NotMapped]
        public List< Author> Authors { get; set; }
        
    }
}

• NotMapped としているのは DB のテーブルに該当カラムが無くエラーになるのを防ぐためです。

Author.cs

～省略～
    public class Author
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        [ForeignKey("Store")]
        public int StoreId { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        [NotMapped]
        [IgnoreDataMember]
        public Store Store { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        public List< Book> Books { get; set; }
                
    }
}

Book.cs

～省略～
    public class Book
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        [ForeignKey("Author")]
        public int AuthorId { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public bool Available { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        [IgnoreDataMember]
        public Author Author { get; set; }
    }
}

EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext.cs

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    public class EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext: DbContext
    {
        public EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext(DbContextOptions< EfCoreNpgsqlSampleContext> options)
            : base(options)
        {
            
        }
        
        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            modelBuilder.Entity< Store>().HasMany(store => store.Authors)
                .WithOne(author => author.Store);
            modelBuilder.Entity< Author>().HasMany(author => author.Books)
                .WithOne(book => book.Author);
        }
        
        public DbSet< Store> Stores { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Author> Authors { get; set; }
        public DbSet< Book> Books { get; set; }
    }
}

• この指定を行わない場合、実行時に Authors が Store の navigation property と InvalidOperationException が発生します。

これらのデータを Include を使ってひとまとめにします。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Produces("application/json")]
        public async Task< List< Store>> Index()
        {
            
            List< Store> results = await _context.Stores
                .Include(store => store.Authors)
                .ThenInclude(author => author.Books)
                .ToListAsync();
            return results;
            
        }
    }
}

• 「.Include(store => store.Authors)」 で Store の Authors に Store.Id で関連付けられた Author がセットされます。
• 「.ThenInclude(author => author.Books)」 で、Store.Authors にセットされた Author の Books に Author.Id で関連付けられた Book がセットされます。

出力された SQL は 3 つになりました。

info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (16ms) [Parameters=[], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT s."Id", s."Name"
      FROM "Store" AS s
      ORDER BY s."Id"
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (3ms) [Parameters=[], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT "s.Authors"."Id", "s.Authors"."Name", "s.Authors"."StoreId"
      FROM "Author" AS "s.Authors"
      INNER JOIN (
          SELECT s0."Id"
          FROM "Store" AS s0
      ) AS t ON "s.Authors"."StoreId" = t."Id"
      ORDER BY t."Id", "s.Authors"."Id"
info: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command[20101]
      Executed DbCommand (4ms) [Parameters=[], CommandType='Text', CommandTimeout='30']
      SELECT "s.Authors.Books"."Id", "s.Authors.Books"."AuthorId", "s.Authors.Books"."Available", "s.Authors.Books"."Name"
      FROM "Book" AS "s.Authors.Books"
      INNER JOIN (
          SELECT DISTINCT "s.Authors0"."Id", t0."Id" AS "Id0"
          FROM "Author" AS "s.Authors0"
          INNER JOIN (
              SELECT s1."Id"
              FROM "Store" AS s1
          ) AS t0 ON "s.Authors0"."StoreId" = t0."Id"
      ) AS t1 ON "s.Authors.Books"."AuthorId" = t1."Id"
      ORDER BY t1."Id0", t1."Id"

Include/ThenInclude を使うと INNER JOIN が使用されることがわかります。

注意

上記のように結果をそのまま JSON で出力しようとする場合、 1:多 の 多 のクラスで持つ 1 のインスタンス(例: Store < - > Author の場合の Author.Store )は IgnoreDataMember で JSON に出力されないようにする必要があります。

理由は、 Store > Author > Store ... と無限ループが発生するためですorz

Include を使った場合のフィルタリング

ここまでは全レコードを取得していました。

では、フィルタリングしたい場合はどうすれば良いでしょうか。

例えば Book.Available が true のレコードのみ取得したいとします。

こんなことをしようとすると。。。？

HomeController.cs

～省略～
        public async Task< List< Store>> Index()
        {
            
            List< Store> results = await _context.Stores
                .Include(store => store.Authors)

                .ThenInclude(author => author.Books.Where(b => b.Available))
                
                .ToListAsync();
            return results;
            
        }
    }
}

当然のごとくエラーが発生します。

Include を使ったフィルタリングには対応していないようです。

• Filtering on Include in EF Core - Stack Overflow

となると。。。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
        public async Task< List< Store>> Index()
        {
            List< Store> results = await _context.Stores
                .Include(s => s.Authors)
                .ThenInclude(a => a.Books)
                .ToListAsync();

            foreach (Store result in results)
            {
                foreach (Author author in result.Authors)
                {
                    author.Books = author.Books.Where(b => b.Available).ToList();
                }
            }
            return results;
        }
    }
}

この敗北感よ。。。

C# で JOIN した結果をまとめる

もう一つ、 INNER JOIN して取得した結果を、 C# でまとめる、というのも試したいと思います。

JOIN すると結果は画像のようにバラバラに出力されるので、リストにセットするようにします。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
        public async Task< List< Store>> Index()
        {
            var results = await (from store in _context.Stores
                    join author in _context.Authors on store.Id equals author.StoreId
                    join book in _context.Books on author.Id equals book.AuthorId
                    where book.Available
                    select new
                    {
                        StoreId = store.Id,
                        StoreName = store.Name,
                        Author = author,
                        Book = book,
                    })
                .ToListAsync();

            List< Store> mergedResults = new List< Store>();
            foreach (var result in results)
            {
                int index = mergedResults.FindIndex(m => m.Id == result.StoreId);
                if(index < 0)
                {
                    index = mergedResults.Count;
                    mergedResults.Add(new Store
                    {
                        Id = result.StoreId,
                        Name = result.StoreName,
                        Authors = new List()
                    });
                };
                int authorIndex = mergedResults[index].Authors.FindIndex(a => a.Id == result.Author.Id);
                if (authorIndex < 0)
                {
                    authorIndex = mergedResults[index].Authors.Count;
                    result.Author.Books = new List();
                    mergedResults[index].Authors.Add(result.Author);
                }
                mergedResults[index].Authors[authorIndex].Books.Add(result.Book);
            }
        }
    }
}

長くなってきたのでいったん切ります。

参照

• Entity Framework Core in Action - Manning
• 関連データの読み込み - EF Core - Microsoft Docs