PostCSS 、 Autoprefixer の力を借りたかった話

• はじめに
• コンパイラーを選ぶ
• PostCSS ファイルを postcss-cli でコンパイルする

はじめに

• ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 1
• ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 2
• ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 3

相変わらず HTML や TypeScript と戯れているわけなんですが、動きだけでなく見た目の部分も重要です。

で、まず全体の配置を指定したいと思ったのですが、これには CSS Grid を使うのが良さそうな気がしました。

• CSS グリッドレイアウト - CSS: カスケーディングスタイルシート - MDN
• CSS Grid Layout

で、調べてみると IE11 でも使うことができるらしい、と。

• IEでも大丈夫！CSS Gridを使用する時の注意点と実装方法 - コリス
• CSS GridをIE11、EDGEに対応させるために注意する点 - 新宿のホームページ制作会社 ITTI（イッティ）

サンプルをコピペで動かしてみると、確かに IE11 でも正しく表示されている。。。！ いいですね(ﾟ∀ﾟ)！！

(割と新しめの技術 + IE でググるとだいたいどれも情報がいっぱい出てくるあたり、皆様の苦労が感じられます)

一点、サンプルの中に登場する Autoprefixer というものが気になりました。

今回必要となる -ms～ といったベンダープレフィックスを自動でつけてくれるとのこと(また不要なものを外してもくれるらしいです)。

じゃあこれも使ってみようか、と試してみたのが今回の話です。

コンパイラーを選ぶ

サイト上でコピペするとベンダープレフィックスをつけてくれるものもあるのですが、ちょっと試すのはともかく開発中やり続けるのは少々大変ですね。

https://autoprefixer.github.io/

ということで、 TypeScript における tsc などのように、コマンドなどで自動実行してくれるものが欲しいところ。

すると、 Autoprefixer は単体でというよりは AltCSS と呼ばれる CSS を便利にしたもののプラグインとして提供されているらしい、というところがわかりました。

じゃあそれも使っちゃえ！ということで、 Autoprefixer を使った情報が比較的多く、かつ Node.js でコンパイルできる PostCSS を使ってみることにしました。

• PostCSS
• Autoprefixer

コンパイル方法多すぎ問題

※ 手段が豊富なことは色々な利用シーンに対応してくれる、ということで、素晴らしいことであり、否定しているわけではありません。
　念のため。

PostCSS の情報を調べると、非常にたくさんのコンパイル方法が紹介されています。

が、素人には選べない。。。

WebPack

とりあえず TypeScript で使っているし、ということで WebPack を試してみることにしたのですが、失敗しました。

というのも、 PostCSS のファイルを JavaScript(TypeScript) から呼び出しているわけではなかったためです。

じゃあ他は。。。とググった結果、 postcss-cli を使うことにしました。

• postcss-cli

ということでインストールします。

 npm install --save postcss postcss-cli precss autoprefixer

PostCSS ファイルを postcss-cli でコンパイルする

WebPack と同じように、まずプロジェクト直下に設定ファイルを作成します。

postcss.config.js

module.exports = {
    plugins: [
      require('precss'),
      require('autoprefixer')
    ]
  }

Autoprefixer と合わせて require で指定しているのは、 PostCSS から CSS に変換してくれる(多分) PreCSS です。

下記のコマンドでコンパイルすることができます。

npx postcss 変換前の PostCSSファイルパス -c postcss.config.js -d 出力先のディレクトリパス

または

npx postcss 変換前の PostCSSファイルパス -c postcss.config.js -o 出力先のファイルパス

とりあえず変換用にファイルを作る

pcss/page.css

.container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
  grid-template-rows: 50px 1fr 50px;
}
p {
    span {
        grid-column: 1;
        grid-row: 2;
        color: deepskyblue;
    }
}

PostCSS とわかるように p span を親子関係にし、 Autoprefixer を試すため、 grid を使っています。

これをコンパイルしました。

npx postcss pcss/*.css -c postcss.config.js -d src

そして動かない Autoprefixer

実行した結果は下記のようになりました。

src/page.css

.container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
  grid-template-rows: 50px 1fr 50px;
}
p span {
        grid-column: 1;
        grid-row: 2;
        color: deepskyblue;
    }

むぅ。。。 PreCSS が通常の CSS に変換していることは確認できましたが、 ベンダープレフィックスが付いていない。。。

あれこれ調べてみた結果、(なぜか) postcss.config.js を下記のように変更すると正しく動作しました。

postcss.config.js

module.exports = {
    plugins: [
      require('autoprefixer')({ "grid": true }),
      require('precss')
    ]
  }

grid を明示的に true にする必要があるようです。

また、これも理由がわからないのですが、 require('precss') を Autoprefixer より上に書くと、 Autoprefixer は効くのに PreCSS が効かない、という問題が発生しました。

腑に落ちないところは多くありますが、とにかくベンダープレフィックスも自動でつけられるようになりました。

やったね。

src/page.css

.container {
  display: -ms-grid;
  display: grid;
  -ms-grid-columns: 200px 1fr;
  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
  -ms-grid-rows: 50px 1fr 50px;
  grid-template-rows: 50px 1fr 50px;
}
p span {
        -ms-grid-column: 1;
        grid-column: 1;
        -ms-grid-row: 2;
        grid-row: 2;
        color: deepskyblue;
    }

• PostCSSを使ってみる - cly7796.net

flexbox の場合

こうして CSSGrid が使えるようにはなったのですが、どうもレイアウトを組んでいく内に、これ flexbox の方が合ってるのでは？ と思い始めたので、 flexbox に切り替えることにしました。

具体的なところは次回にまわしますが、 grid の場合と同じく Autoprefixer が効かない、という問題が発生したため、 postcss.config.js を下記のように変更しました。

postcss.config.js

module.exports = {
    plugins: [
      require('autoprefixer')({
        "grid": true,
        "browsers": [
          "last 2 versions"
        ]
      }),
      require('precss')
    ]
  }

フロントエンドエンジニアの方々の苦労や工夫の賜物であるとはいえ、いっぺんに取り入れすぎて消化不良、というところ。。。

とはいえ、少しずつでも理解していきたいところです。

ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 3

• はじめに
• fetch について
• webpack を使う
• output.library について
• 参照

はじめに

• ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 1
• ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 2

今回は少～しだけ fetch の話と、 webpack を使った import / export の話です。

全然 ASP.NET Core が出てこない？　

。。。(..)_

fetch について

IE 対応

※前回使用した fetch は、 Firefox などでは問題なく動作するのですが、 IE ではまた fetch が見つからないとエラーになります。

ということで、 polyfill 版である whatwg-fetch を使用することにします。

npm install --save-dev whatwg-fetch

• github/fetch: A window.fetch JavaScript polyfill. - GitHub

下記のように使うことができます。

import 'whatwg-fetch'

public async function loadBooks(): Promise< Array< Book>> {
        return await window.fetch("/books",
            {
                mode: 'cors',
            })
            .then((response) => response.json())
            .then((myJson) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myJson)) as Array< Book>);
    }

(互換性モード？知らない子ですね)

import については後述します。

fetch のオプション

fetch API の中で特に気になるのが、第二引数として渡しているオプション。

ここについて調べて。。。と思ったのですが、 MDN に詳しく載っているのでそこ参照ということで。。。

• Fetch を使う - Web API - MDN
• GlobalFetch.fetch() - Web API - MDN

ただ、例えば mode や credentials といった設定で、特にログイン時にどうなるの？といった疑問はあるため次回以降で色々試してみたいと思います。

webpack を使う

さて、次は取得した Book データを Table に出力したいのですが、そろそろコード量が多くなってきました。

C# でクラスを分割するように、 import / export を使うことで TypeScript のコードも分割することができます。

その。。。はずだったのです。

WebAccessor.ts

class Book {
    public id: number = -1;
    public authorId : string = "";
    public name: string = "";
    public available: boolean = false;
}
class WebAccessor {
    public async loadBooks(): Promise< Array< Book>> {
        return await fetch("/books",
            {
                mode: 'cors',
            })
            .then((response) => response.json())
            .then((myJson) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myJson)) as Array< Book>);
    }
}
export {WebAccessor, Book};

一部ラムダ式に変更してはいるものの、やっていることは前回と同じです。

Page.ts

import {WebAccessor} from "./WebAccessor";

async function greeting(){
    var accessor = new WebAccessor();
    let books = await accessor.loadBooks();
    if(books !== null &&
        books.length > 0){
        alert(books[0].name);
    }
    else{
        alert('failed');
    }
}

npx tsc -b のコンパイルは問題なく完了します。

で、これを実行するとどうなるか。

ReferenceError: exports is not defined

／(^o^)＼

どうやら、 import / export がサポートされているのは ECMAScript 6 からで、今回のように古いバージョンに対応するためには RequireJS などを使って動的に解決するか、 webpack などを使って依存する JavaScript のファイルを一つのファイルにまとめる(バンドルする)必要があるようです。

そこで前から気になっていたこともあり、 webpack を使ってみることにしました。

準備

• TypeScript - webpack

↑などを参考に、まずは必要なものをインストールします。

npm install --save-dev webpack webpack-cli ts-loader

設定ファイルをプロジェクト直下に作成します。

tsconfig は JSON ですが、こちらは普通の JavaScript ファイルなのでちょっと注意が必要？かもしれません。

webpack.config.js

var path = require('path');

module.exports = {
    mode: 'development',
    entry: './wwwroot/ts/Page.ts',
    module: {
        rules: [
            {
                test: /\.tsx?$/,
                use: 'ts-loader',
                exclude: /node_modules/
            }
        ]
    },
    resolve: {
        extensions: [ '.tsx', '.ts', '.js' ]
    },
    output: {
        filename: 'bundle.js',
        path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'wwwroot/js')
    }
};

• mode: 無くても実行はできますが、警告が出るため素直に development / production を指定します。
• entry: Page.ts をベースに、 ts-loader を使って依存している '.tsx' 、 '.ts' 、 '.js' ファイルをバンドルするようです。
• output: 出力先のファイル名、ディレクトリを指定しています。

実行、そして次の課題

↓のコマンドを実行すると、 wwwroot > js に bundle.js というファイルが出来上がります。

npx webpack

後は、 HTML で読み込む JavaScript ファイルを bundle.js に置き換えます。

Index.html

< !DOCTYPE html>
< html lang="jp">
< head>
    < meta charset="UTF-8">
    < title>Home< /title>
< /head>
< body>
    Hello
    < button onclick="greeting()">Message< /button>
    < script src="../js/bundle.js">< /script>
< /body>
< /html>

これを実行すると...

ReferenceError: greeting is not defined

／(^o^)＼

どうやら、デフォルトでグローバル変数や関数は定義できない(呼べない？)ようになっているようです。

なんとか解決

結局このように書くことで無事呼ぶことができるようになりました。

webpack.config.js

～省略～
    output: {
        filename: 'bundle.js',
        path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'wwwroot/js'),
        library: 'Page',
        libraryTarget: 'umd'
    }
};

Index.html

～省略～
< body>
    Hello
    < button onclick="Page.greeting()">Message< /button>
    < script src="../js/bundle.js">< /script>
< /body>
< /html>

動いた～、は良いのですが、この library とか libraryTarget って何なのでしょうか。

output.library について

• webpackでライブラリを作る - Qiita

によると、 JavaScript (今回は TypeScript ですが)の関数をライブラリとして外部( HTML )に公開することができる仕組みである、とのこと。

webpack のドキュメントを見ると、書き方がいくつかあり (libraryTarget で指定)、今回使用した umd の他、 var 、 amd が紹介されています。

• output.library - output - webpack
• output.libraryTarget - output - webpack

例えば libraryTarget として var を指定した場合、下記のようになります ( Index.html は同じです)。

webpack.config.js

～省略～
    output: {
        filename: 'bundle.js',
        path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'wwwroot/js'),
        library: 'Page',
        libraryTarget: 'var'
    }
};

Page.ts

import {WebAccessor} from "./WebAccessor";

async function greeting(){
    try {
        var accessor = new WebAccessor();
        let books = await accessor.loadBooks();
        if (books !== null &&
            books.length > 0) {
            alert(books[0].name);
        }
    }catch (e) {
        alert(e.message)
    }
}
var Page = greeting();

TypeScript だと書き方が異なるということなのか、 amd の方法は静的解析の時点でエラーになってしまい、うまくできませんでした。

ドキュメントが読み込めていないのだと思いますが、 var と umd それぞれの利点がよく分かっていないため、なんとなく umd の方がまとまってて良さそうだな～くらいに思ってはいます。

参照

• JavaScriptにおけるモジュールとimport/exportの使い方 - もっこりJavaScript - ANALOGIC（アナロジック）
• [意訳]初学者のためのJavaScriptモジュール講座 Part1 – Qiita
• Fetch を使う - Web API - MDN
• GlobalFetch.fetch() - Web API - MDN
• Fetch API 解説、または Web において "Fetch する" とは何か？ - Block Rockin’ Codes
• output - webpack

ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 2

• はじめに
• IE11 で async/await を使う
• fetch でアイテムを Get する
• JSON から Model に変換

はじめに

• ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 1

さくさく進めていきますよ。

とりあえず環境は整ったっぽい(本当はバンドルとか minify とあるだろうけど)ので、実際に動かしてみますよ。

。。。とその前に

IE11 で async/await を使う

もう平成も終わるというのに。。。

まぁお察しくだしあ。くだしあ。

async/await を使ってみる

まず雑に async/await を使って TypeScript のコードを変更してみます。

Page.ts

async function greeting(){
    await setTimeout(() => {
        alert("hello");
    }, 1000);
}

これで greeting() が呼ばれた後 1 秒後にアラートが表示されるはずです。

が、 tsc -b を実行するとエラーが発生します。

wwwroot/ts/Page.ts:1:16 - error TS2705: An async function or method in ES5/ES3 requires the 'Promise' constructor.  Make sure you have a declaration for the 'Promise' constructor or include 'ES2015' in your `--lib` option.

1 async function greeting(){

Found 1 error.

Promise が無いからライブラリに追加しろと。

• TypeScript 2.1でES3/ES5コードにasync/awaitを使う - Qiita

↑のような情報を参考に、 tsconfig.json を下記のように変更しました。

tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    /* Basic Options */
    "target": "es5",                          /* Specify ECMAScript target version: 'ES3' (default), 'ES5', 'ES2015', 'ES2016', 'ES2017', 'ES2018', 'ES2019' or 'ESNEXT'. */
    "module": "commonjs",                     /* Specify module code generation: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es2015', or 'ESNext'. */
    
    "lib": ["dom", "es2015"],                             /* Specify library files to be included in the compilation. */
    
    ～省略～
  }
}

これでコンパイルできるようになり、 Firefox などでは問題なく動作するようになりました。

ただし、 IE11 ではまだ Promise が見つからないとエラーになります( target を es3 にしても同様)。

• Promiseのpolyfill(IE11お前もか!) - Qiita

↑を参考に、 Promise-X.X.X.min.js を追加で読み込むことで IE11 でも問題なく動くようになりました。

• Promises

Index.html

< !DOCTYPE html>
< html lang="jp">
< head>
    < meta charset="UTF-8">
    < title>Home< /title>
< /head>
< body>
    Hello
    < button onclick="greeting()">Message< /button>

    < script src="https://www.promisejs.org/polyfills/promise-7.0.4.min.js">< /script>

    < script src="../js/Page.js">< /script>
< /body>
< /html>

IE11 だけでなく、互換性表示を有効にしている場合でも問題なく動作することが確認できました。

ありがたやありがたや(..)_

fetch でアイテムを Get する

まずは CRUD ! 。。。と思ったのですが、まず先行してサーバーにアクセスする部分を書いてみたいと思います。

せっかくなので async / await を使って。

• TypeScript入門以前ガイド - mizchi's blog

↑ などを見ると、 fetch または axios を使うのが良さそうです。

まずは fetch を試してみます。

• Fetch を使う - Web API - MDN

https 問題再び

以前触れた気がしますが、現状 ASP.NET Core ではデバッグ実行するとデフォルトで https://localhost:5001 を開きます。

で、何も考えずに下記のようなコードを書いたところ、 loadBooks() でエラーになりました orz

Page.ts

async function loadBooks(): Promise< string>{
    return await fetch("http://localhost:5000/books",
        {
            mode: 'cors',
        })
        .then(function(response) {
            return response.json();
        })
        .then(function(myJson) {
            
            console.log(myJson);
            return myJson;
        });
}

async function greeting(){
    let message = await loadBooks();
    alert(message);
}

エラーの内容は下記の通り。

混在アクティブコンテンツ “http://localhost:5000/books” の読み込みをブロックしました[詳細] Page.js:41:45
TypeError: NetworkError when attempting to fetch resource.

• 混在コンテンツ - Security - MDN

↑によると、 HTTP リクエストと HTTPS リクエストが混在してしまうとセキュリティ上の問題が発生しうるためエラーになる、と。

なるほど。

というわけで、下記のように変更しました。

Page.ts

async function loadBooks(): Promise< string>{
    return await fetch("/books",
        {
            mode: 'cors',
        })
        .then(function(response) {
            return response.json();
        })
        .then(function(myJson) {
            
            console.log(myJson);
            return myJson;
        });
}
～省略～

なお Controller (サーバー側)はこちら。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/books")]
        [Produces("application/json")]
        public List< Book> GetBooks()
        {
            return new List< Book>
            {
                new Book
                {
                    Id = 1,
                    AuthorId = 1,
                    Name = "Sample",
                    Available = false,
                }
            };
        }
        ～省略～

Book.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models
{
    [Table("Book")]
    public class Book
    {
        [Key]
        [JsonProperty("id")]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        [JsonProperty("authorId")]
        public int AuthorId { get; set; }
        [JsonProperty("name")]
        public string Name { get; set; }
        [JsonProperty("available")]
        public bool Available { get; set; }       
    }
}

JSON から Model に変換

細かいところはさておき、とりあえずここまでのコードでサーバーから送られた Book クラスのリストを受け取ることができました。

で、せっかくの TypeScript なので、型を持ったデータとして扱いたいですね。

Page.ts

class Book{
    public id: number = -1;
    public authorId : string = "";
    public name: string = "";
    public available: boolean = false;
}
async function loadBooks(): Promise< Book[]>{
    return await fetch("/books",
        {
            mode: 'cors',
        })
        .then(function(response) {
            return response.json();
        })
        .then(function(myJson) {
            var newBooks = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myJson)) as Array< Book>;
            return newBooks;
        });
}

async function greeting(){
    let message = await loadBooks();
    alert(message[0].name);
}

結果を見るとシンプルですね。

注意点としては下記の二つぐらいでしょうか。

1. ２ つ目の then の myJson は直接 JSON に変換できない

response.json() の戻り値は Promise< any> です。

で、 2 つ目の myJson は any になるわけですが、これをそのまま JSON.parse に渡すとエラーになります。

そのため、 JSON.stringify でいったん string に変換して渡しています。

2. as T でキャストに失敗しても null にならない

C# に慣れすぎた。。。orz

C# の as は、キャストに失敗すると null になります。

で、そのオブジェクト(今回は newBooks )にアクセスすれば、 NullReferenceException になります。

が、 TypeScript では null にならず、下記は NullReferenceException ではなく、エラーも発生しません。

// 本当は Array< Book>
var newBooks = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myJson)) as Book;
            
if(newBooks == null){
    console.log("null death 1");
}
if(newBooks === null){
    console.log("null death 2");
}
// undefined. ただしエラーは発生しない.
var name = newBooks.name;

メソッドを呼んだ場合はエラー( undefined )が発生しますが、最初 JSON からの変換に失敗しているのかと確認に時間を費やしてしまいました／(^o^)＼

C# と同じように書ける部分がありつつも、違うところは当然あるので、しっかり見分けないとハマりこんでしまいそうです。

次回は fetch の option ( fetch() の第二引数)からスタートの予定。

あと、 DOM 周りも触っておきたいところ。

ASP.NET Core + TypeScript ってみる 1

• はじめに
• 準備
• TypeScript のコンパイル
• 静的ファイルのルーティング
• 参照

はじめに

今回からちょっと間(挫折するか落ち着くまで) フロントエンドに挑戦してみます。

今のトレンドで言えば、以前触れた Angular のようなフレームワークを駆使して SPA ！ 。。。って時代ももう落ち着いてきた？というところですが、今回はあえてフレームワークは使わず、 TypeScript + HTML + CSS(こっちはもう少し何か試すかも) で試してみたいと思います。

理由は使う先で Node.js が使えるとは限らないことと、(プライベートは良いのですが)頻繁にアップデートできるとは限らないことです。

まぁ後者については、 TypeScript 使っていいのか？という気がしないでもないですが。

準備

とにかく準備を進めていきますよ。

サーバーアプリは ASP.NET Core MVC 。このへん で使っていたプロジェクトを再利用しています。

Node.js

で、まず Node.js なのですが、 Windows だと nodist などのバージョン管理マネージャーを使うのが良さそうですね？

ただ、何も考えず Node.js をそのままインストールしてしまったので、今回はこれでいきます。

TypeScript

Rider の Terminal か PowerShell などでプロジェクト直下に移動し、 npm で TypeScript 、 tsc をインストールします(先に空で package.json 作っておいた方が良い？)。

npm install --save-dev typescript tsc

package.json の中身はこうなりました。

package.json

{
  "devDependencies": {
    "tsc": "^1.20150623.0",
    "typescript": "^3.4.2"
  }
}

最初グローバルにインストールしていたのですが、下記などを見るとローカルインストールの方が良さそうに思えます。

• [Node.js] npm installするときはどのパッケージもローカルインストールで十分 - あるいてっく

tsc --init

tsc を使って、 tsconfig.json を生成します。

npx tsc --init

今回はローカルインストールしているため、 npx tsc ～ のように実行します。

これでデフォルトの tsconfig.json が生成されます。

tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    /* Basic Options */
    "target": "es5",                          /* Specify ECMAScript target version: 'ES3' (default), 'ES5', 'ES2015', 'ES2016', 'ES2017', 'ES2018', 'ES2019' or 'ESNEXT'. */
    "module": "commonjs",                     /* Specify module code generation: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es2015', or 'ESNext'. */
    // "lib": [],                             /* Specify library files to be included in the compilation. */
    ～省略～
    // "outDir": "./",                        /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
   ～省略～
    /* Strict Type-Checking Options */
    "strict": true,                           /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
    ～省略～
    "esModuleInterop": true                   /* Enables emit interoperability between CommonJS and ES Modules via creation of namespace objects for all imports. Implies 'allowSyntheticDefaultImports'. */
    ～省略～
  }
}

省略した項目も含め、一つずつ内容を見ていきたいところですが、とりあえず動かしてみる、ということで TypeScript -> JavaScript へ変換した出力先を wwwroot/js に変更します。

tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    ～省略～
    "outDir": "wwwroot/js",                        /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
   ～省略～
  }
}

TypeScript ファイルを作る

順番が逆な気もしますが、コンパイル元となる TypeScript を用意します。

wwwroot/ts/Page.ts

function greeting(){
    alert("hello world");
}

HTML ファイルを作る

とりあえずボタン押下で JavaScript を呼ぶだけとします。

wwwroot/pages/Index.html

< !DOCTYPE html>
< html lang="jp">
< head>
    < meta charset="UTF-8">
    < title>Home< /title>
< /head>
< body>
    Hello
    < button onclick="greeting()">Message< /button>
    < script src="../js/Page.js">< /script>
< /body>
< /html>

wwwroot 以下の静的ファイルを有効にする

UseStaticFiles で wwwroot 以下の静的ファイルを有効にしておきます。

Startup.cs

using EfCoreNpgsqlSample.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

namespace EfCoreNpgsqlSample
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Configuration = configuration;
        }
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Configure(options =>
            {
                options.CheckConsentNeeded = context => true;
                options.MinimumSameSitePolicy = SameSiteMode.None;
            });

            services.AddDbContext(options =>
                options.UseNpgsql("Host=localhost;Database=BookStore;Username=postgres;Password=XXX"));

            services.AddMvc();
        }
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }

            app.UseStaticFiles();
            app.UseMvc();
        }
    }
}

これで下記のような構成になりました。

EfCoreNpgsqlSample
　Ｌ EfCoreNpgsqlSample
　　Ｌ bin
　　Ｌ Controllers
　　　Ｌ HomeController.cs
　　Ｌ Models
　　　Ｌ Author.cs
　　　Ｌ Book.cs
　　　Ｌ Store.cs
　　　Ｌ EfCoreNpgsqlSample.cs
　　Ｌ Properties
　　　Ｌ launchSettings.json
　　Ｌ wwwroot
　　　Ｌ ts
　　　　Ｌ Page.ts
　　　Ｌ pages
　　　　Ｌ Index.html
　　Ｌ appsettings.Development.json
　　Ｌ appsettings.json
　　Ｌ EfCoreNpgsqlSample.csproj
　　Ｌ package.json
　　Ｌ package-lock.json
　　Ｌ Program.cs
　　Ｌ Startup.cs
　　Ｌ tsconfig.json

Controllers や Models など今回登場していないものもありますが、このへん 参照ということで。
( HomeController.cs については後で触れます)

TypeScript のコンパイル

TypeScript をコンパイルして、 JavaScript ファイルを作ります。

ここでも tsc を使用します。

npx tsc -b

これで Wwwroot > js 以下に Page.js が出力されます。

Page.js

"use strict";
function greeting() {
    alert("hello");
}

【Rider】変更時に自動でコンパイルしてほしい

このコンパイル作業、毎回手動で実行するのは結構大変です。

Gulp や npm などを使って自動でコンパイルすることもできますが、今回は JetBrains Rider の力を借りることにします。
(内部的にはこれらのツールを使っているかもですが)

1. File > Settings... > Languages & Frameworks > TypeScript を開く
2. Node interpreter に Node.js のパスを、 TypeScript に プロジェクト > node_modules にある TypeScript のパスを指定する
3. Recompile on changes にチェックを入れる

これで TypeScript のファイルを変更すると、自動でコンパイルされるようになります。

注意点として、 tsc -b のようにフォルダ・ファイルの生成は実行してくれない、というものがあります。

そのため、 TypeScript のファイルを追加したときは tsc -b を実行し、ファイルを生成しておく、というのが良さそうです。

静的ファイルのルーティング

さて、 ASP.NET Core で静的ファイルを有効にすると、 wwwroot 以下のファイルは全て外部からアクセスできるようになります。

例えばログインユーザーのみに見せたいなど、 Controller クラスを使ってルーティングをしたい場合はどうすれば良いでしょうか。

ここで静的ファイルのパスを Route として指定しても効果はありませんでした。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Route("/pages/Index.html")]
        public string Index()
        {
            return "hello";
        }
        ～省略～

これを実行しても、 wwwroot > pages > Index.html が表示されます。

まぁせっかくの ASP.NET Core なので、 Razor を使って View として返してやれば解決するのですが、今回は使わずに頑張ってみることにします。

UseStaticFiles でパス指定

Views の下に置いて。。。など試してみたのですが、結局 wwwroot 直下を公開するのではなく、その下の階層を公開し、ルーティングを行いたいファイル( HTML )を wwwroot 以下の別階層に置く、というのが良さそうという結果になりました。

Startup.cs

        ～省略～
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }

            app.UseStaticFiles(new StaticFileOptions
            {
                FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(
                    Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "wwwroot", "js")),
                RequestPath = "/js"
            });
            
            app.UseMvc();
        }
    }
}

これで localhost:5000/js/～ のファイルは表示されますが、 localhost:5000/pages/～ などのファイルは表示されなくなりました。

例えば wwwroot/css など他にも公開したい階層がある場合は、 app.UseStaticFiles をもう一つ追加します。

あとは、 Controller を使って表示されなくなった HTML ファイルを表示するようにします。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Route("/pages/Index.html")]
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            return File("pages/Index.html", "text/html");
        }
        ～省略～

これでルーティングが効くようになりました。

いったん切ります。

参照

• [Node.js] npm installするときはどのパッケージもローカルインストールで十分 - あるいてっく
• ASP.NET Core の静的ファイル - Microsoft Docs

Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 3

• はじめに
• trigger
• rule
• view
• money
• おわりに
• 参照

はじめに

• Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 1
• Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 2

さらっと終わるはずが、もう 3 回目。。。

まぁここは自分にすら役に立つかわからないことを興味の赴くままに調べていく場所。

今回もぼちぼち行きますよ。

trigger

テーブルに INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE が実行された時に特定の処理を実行する、 trigger を作ることができます。

処理自体は PL/pgSQL という言語を使います。

ここでは NumericValueText という text 型のカラムを追加し、 INSERT / UPDATE が実行された時に null か空白でなければ numeric に変換して NumericValue に入れる、という処理を作ってみたいと思います。

ALTER TABLE "NumberSample" ADD COLUMN "NumericValueText" text

手順としては、 function を作り、それを trigger として登録する、ということのようです。

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION im_the_trigger() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $set_numericvalue$
    BEGIN
        IF ((TG_OP = 'INSERT' OR TG_OP = 'UPDATE') AND NEW."NumericValueText" is not null) THEN
            NEW."NumericValue" := CAST(NEW."NumericValueText" AS numeric);
        END IF;
        RETURN NEW;
    END;
$set_numericvalue$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

大文字にしているからなのか、 IF ～ THEN のせいなのか、 VB っぽさを感じます。

注意点としては、最終行の 「$set_numericvalue$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;」。

これが無いと CREATE TRIGGER ～ の部分でエラーが発生します。

また trigger の名前で、 「$im_the_trigger$」のように設定しようとしたところ、「$」の部分でエラーとなりました。

調べてもよくわからなかったのですが、命名規則などがあるのでしょうか。

ともかく、 function が出来上がったらそれを元に trigger を作ります。

CREATE TRIGGER set_numericvalue BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON "NumberSample"
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE im_the_trigger()

ここで trigger と対象となるテーブルの紐づけを行います。

ちなみに trigger を削除する場合は 「DROP TRIGGER set_numericvalue ON "NumberSample"」 のように紐づけたテーブル名も指定する必要があります。

これで INSERT 、 UPDATE 実行時に NumericValueText の値がキャストされて NumericValue に入ります。

どう使うか

今回のケースでは、 C# で頑張って書いていた BigInteger -> string -> 小数点を戻す -> SQL で numeric に変換 といった手順を省略するのに使えそうです。

ただ、あまり不用意に使いすぎると例えば別のアプリから NumericValue の値を直接更新した場合など、想定外の動きにつながることもあり、注意が必要そうです。

trigger については今回ここまでですが、後述の view に対して作ることもできる、ということもあったり、別途もう少し何ができるのかなど遊んでみたいと思います。

rule

DB に rule を設定しておくことで、 INSERT 、 UPDATE 、 DELETE 時に本来の操作の代替となる操作を実行することができる…そうです。
( ON SELECT で条件付きで SELECT に適用することも可能)

試しに INSERT で、 NumericValueText が null でなければキャストした値を NumericValue にセットするようなルールを作ってみます。

CREATE OR REPLACE RULE set_numericvalue_on_insert AS ON INSERT TO "NumberSample" 
WHERE NEW."NumericValueText" IS NOT null
DO UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "NumericValue" = CAST(NEW."NumericValueText" AS numeric)

最初 DO UPDATE ～ を DO INSERT としていたのですが、無限ループになってしまうためエラーが発生しました。

UPDATE についても同じように rule を作ることができます。

ON SELECT

SELECT * FROM "NumberSample" が実行された時に、 NumericValue を含まないような rule が作れるか？と思ってみたのですが、 DO INSTEAD SELECT ～ で指定できる SELECT では、全カラムを含んでいる必要があり、難しいようです。

これが必要な場合、次の view を使うのが良さそうです。

view

SELECT 文において、これまで WHERE によるフィルタリングや CAST による変換などを行った上でデータを取得していました。

これを毎回指定しなくても、物理的なテーブルを作成した時と同じように扱うことができるもの(と思っている) が view です。

例えば下記のように view を作ると…

CREATE VIEW "NumberSampleView" ("Id", "NumericValueText")
AS SELECT "Id", "NumericValueText" FROM "NumberSample"
WHERE "Id" % 2 = 0

下記を実行したときに、「 SELECT "Id", "NumericValueText" FROM "NumberSample" WHERE "Id" % 2 = 0 」と同じ結果が得られます。

SELECT * FROM "NumberSampleView"

なお CREATE VIEW の「("Id", "NumericValueText")」で NumberSampleView におけるカラム名を指定しているため(省略可)、特にテーブルを結合している場合など、必要に応じて指定するのが良さそうです。

また上記では使っていませんが、 INNER JOIN などによる結合、 CAST 、 COUNT などによる元のテーブルにはないカラムの追加を行うこともできます。

ただし、 ORDER BY は使えないとのこと。

あと、テーブルを作成したときと同じように、とは言うものの、実際のところは元の SELECT 文が実行されるので、元のテーブル( NumberSample )の最新のデータが結果として返る、ということと、 view を作っても実行速度が速くなるわけではないということは覚えておくべきかもしれません。

Entity Framework Core での扱い

この view ですが、 Entity Framework Core (以下 EF Core )ではどのように扱うのでしょうか。

。。。と思ったら、通常の物理テーブルと同様に扱うことができるようです。

NumberSampleView.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSampleView")]
    public class NumberSampleView
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string NumericValueText { get; set; }
    }
}

EfCoreDataTypeSampleContext.cs

    ～省略～
    public DbSet< NumberSampleView> NumberSampleViews { get; set; }
    }
}

HomeController.cs

public async Task< List< NumberSampleView>> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSampleViews.ToListAsync();
}

view の更新

さて、このようにテーブルと同じように扱える view ですが、 INSERT や UPDATE はできるのでしょうか。

答えは条件付きでできます、ということです。

PostgreSQL 9.3 から、複数テーブルを結合していないこと・関数を使っていないことなどの条件を満たす view であれば、特に trigger などを作らなくてもそのまま INSERT や UPDATE ができるようになったそうです。

• PostgreSQL 9.3の新機能: 更新可能VIEW - Let's Postgres

そのため、このような処理を実行すると、 NumberSample にレコードが追加されます。

NumberSampleView newView = new NumberSampleView
{
        NumericValueText = "1234567"
};
_context.NumberSampleViews.Add(newView);
await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

※ NumericValueText 以外は serial などデフォルトで値が入るカラム以外は null になります。

view の作成条件によって更新できたりできなかったりというのは、規模が大きくなってくるとややこしくなりそうなので、どれも更新可能にしておくか、明示的に更新できる・できないがわかるように工夫する必要がありそうです。
( CREATE VIEW の時に information_schema を参照すると更新可能かわかる、とのことですが、特にアプリからだと見落としそうなので)

また、 view には再帰を使って結果を得る Recursive View やクエリの結果を実際のテーブルにキャッシュする Materialized View など種類があるので、これらも今後試してみたいところ。

• 再帰SQL - Let's Postgres
• PostgreSQL/Materialized Views - Jonathan Gardner's Tech Wiki

money

だいぶ寄り道した感がありますが、一応今回ラストのデータ型、 money です。

名前の通りお金を扱うデータ型である、と。

取り得る範囲は -92233720368547758.08 ～ +92233720368547758.07 です。

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "MoneyValue" = -92233720368547758.08 WHERE "Id" = 35;
UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "MoneyValue" = 92233720368547758.07 WHERE "Id" = 36;

0.08 や 0.07 など、中途半端な値に見えるのですが、これを超えてみるとどうなるのでしょうか。

小数点第4位以下を足してみる

-92233720368547758.081 のように、小数点第4位以下を足した場合。

小数点第4位以下 は切り捨てられ、特にエラーは発生しませんでした。

小数点第３位以上を足してみる

下記のエラーが発生しました。

ERROR: bigint out of range

bigint???

以前試した bigint の範囲 を見てみましょう。

-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ～ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

比較しやすいように、カンマ、ドットを省いて見てみます。

• bigint: -9223372036854775808 ～ 9223372036854775807
• money: -9223372036854775808 ～ 9223372036854775807

どうやら、 money 型は内部的には bigint で値を持っているようです。

なるほど～。

C# での扱い

小数点以下の値を持ち、正確に扱える、ということで decimal が良さそうです。

28 ～ 29 桁に収まりますし。

ただし、 decimal の方が扱うことのできる値の範囲が広いため、 C# 側から渡すときは注意が必要です。

NumberSample.cs

～省略～
namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        private decimal _moneyValue;
        public decimal MoneyValue
        {
            get => _moneyValue;
            set
            {
                var moneyText = value.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture).Replace(".", "");
                if (long.TryParse(moneyText, out var longValue) == false)
                {
                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
                }
                _moneyValue = value;
            }
        }   
    }
}

雑極まりない感じですが、まぁチェックを入れてあげると良いよねということで。

PostgreSQL の money 型としては、 DB のロケールに合わせて値の扱いも変わる、というのも気になるところですが、少なくとも C# に渡して扱う分には特に変わらないよね、ということでこんな扱いとなっております。

おわりに

特に numeric 型の扱いなど、やっぱりちゃんと調べておかないとなかなかツラい。。。

view など今回軽く触っただけのものも、別途しっかり調べて使えるようにしたいところ。

また、数値型以外の型も色々気になるので、これらも追って調べてみたいと思います。

が、次回は諸事情によりフロントエンドに移る予定。

多分。

参照

• Learning PostgreSQL 11

trigger

• 42.9. トリガプロシージャ - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• Creating PostgreSQL Trigger Example
• PL/pgSQL の関数やトリガーを使ってみる（PostgreSQL）
• PostgreSQL: IS NOT NULL

rule

• CREATE RULE - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• 40.4. INSERT、UPDATE、DELETEについてのルール - PostgreSQL 10.5文書

view

• 40.2. ビューとルールシステム - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• PostgreSQL 9.3の新機能: 更新可能VIEW - Let's Postgres

Money

• PostgreSQL: Documentation: 11: 8.2. Monetary Types

Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 2

• はじめに
• numeric
  • [numeric] 他の型で受け取ってみる
  • [numeric] string 型で受け取る
  • [numeric] BigInteger を使う
• おわりに

はじめに

• Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 1

続きは numeric から。

なお、前回の結果を見る限り、下記は値の範囲が異なるだけで特に結果に違いはなさそうなのでスキップすることにします。

• serial (int)
• real (float)
• smallint (short)
• smallserial (short)

numeric

やってきました numeric 。 PostgreSQL の numeric が取り得る値の範囲は、小数点より上は131072桁まで、小数点より下は16383桁まで、とのことです。

C# でこれに近いと言えそうなのは decimal ですが、値の範囲は 28 から 29 桁の数字であり、全く足りていません。

これに関しては C# の能力不足というより PostgreSQL がすごすぎる、という話ではありますが。

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "NumericValue" = 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WHERE "Id" = 3;

恐ろしい数だ。。。

NumberSample.cs

～省略～
namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        public decimal NumericValue { get; set; }       
    }
}

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSamples
        .ToListAsync();
}
～省略～

で、これを decimal 型で受け取ろうとすると。。。

OverflowException: Numeric value does not fit in a System.Decimal

ですよね～／(^o^)＼

double にしたところで 308 桁。。。

Java には BigDecimal という型があり、下記を参考にすると DB の値をそのまま持つことができそうな気がします。

• java.math.BigDecimalの最大桁数（理論値） - きどたかのブログ
• BigDecimal (Java SE 11 & JDK 11 )

が、 C# に BigDecimal はありません。

[numeric] 他の型で受け取ってみる

とりあえず DB に入っている値をそのまま受け取ることは無理そう、ということはわかりました。

では他の型で受け取ることはできないでしょうか。

値をそのまま表示するだけであれば、 string で受け取ってしまえば実現できそうです。

[numeric] string 型で受け取る

DB では計算など処理を行いたいため、カラムの型は変更せずに C# 側だけを変更したいところ。

ということで、下記のようにしてみました。

NumberSample.cs

～省略～

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        [IgnoreDataMember]
        public decimal NumericValue { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        public string NumericValueText { get; set; }       
    }
}

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSamples
        .Select(n => new NumberSample
        {
            Id = n.Id,
            BigIntValue = n.BigIntValue,
            BigSerialValue = n.BigSerialValue, 
            DoubleValue = n.DoubleValue,
            IntegerValue = n.IntegerValue,
            NumericValueText = n.NumericValue.ToString(),
        })
        .ToListAsync();
}
～省略～

DB とのやりとりは NumericValue で行い、 C# での処理は NumericValueText で行います。

これで問題なく結果を受け取ることができました。

このからくりですが、まず上記を実行すると、下記のような SQL が出力されます。

SELECT n."Id", n."BigIntValue", n."BigSerialValue", n."DoubleValue", n."IntegerValue", CAST(n."NumericValue" AS text) AS "NumericValueText"
      FROM "NumberSample" AS n

DB 側で numeric 型の値が string(text) に変換され、 C# 側では変換後の値を受け取ることになるため、エラーが起きずに結果が取得できる、ということです。

注意

※ ToString() に、 ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture) のように引数を渡してはいけません。

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
{
    return await _context.NumberSamples
        .Select(n => new NumberSample
        {
            ～省略～
            NumericValueText = n.NumericValue.ToString(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),
        })
        .ToListAsync();
}
～省略～

のように Select を書いてしまうと、下記のような SQL が出力されます。

SELECT n."Id", n."BigIntValue", n."BigSerialValue", n."DoubleValue", n."IntegerValue", n."NumericValue"
      FROM "NumberSample" AS n

SQL で CAST が実行されず、 C# 側で numeric の値を受け取って string に変換することとなり、エラーが発生します。

普通であれば特に問題も発生しないのですが、ちょっと怖い(´・ω・｀)

[numeric] BigInteger を使う

さて、受け取った値を表示することはできたわけですが、当然ながらこのままでは計算したりすることはできません。

C# でも計算する必要がある場合はどうするか。

先ほど C# に BigDecimal はない、と書きましたが、 BigInteger はあります。

• BigInteger Struct (System.Numerics) - Microsoft Docs

理論上上限・下限は存在しないとのこと。

頼もしい！

BigInteger を使用するためには、 NuGet で System.Runtime.Numerics をインストールします。

で、 Integer というだけあって、扱うことができるのは整数のみです。

ということは、小数点以下をいったん整数にして、最後に戻す、という処理を行うことになります。

NumberSample.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        ～省略～
        [IgnoreDataMember]
        public decimal NumericValue { get; set; }
        [NotMapped]
        public string NumericValueText { get; set; }
        
        [NotMapped]
        public BigInteger NumericValueBigInteger { get; set; }
        
    }
}

HomeController.cs

～省略～
public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
{
    List< NumberSample> numberSamples = await _context.NumberSamples
        .Select(n => new NumberSample
        {
            ～省略～
            NumericValueText = n.NumericValue.ToString(),
        })
        .ToListAsync();

    // 小数点以下の数値を整数として扱うためにこの値を整数部分にかけて合算する.
    BigInteger adjuster = BigInteger.Pow(10, 16383);
    
    foreach (NumberSample numberSample in numberSamples)
    {
        string[] splitTexts = numberSample.NumericValueText.Split(".");
        if (BigInteger.TryParse(splitTexts[0], out BigInteger integerValue))
        {
            integerValue *= adjuster;

            BigInteger decimalValue;
            if (splitTexts.Length >= 2)
            {
                BigInteger.TryParse(splitTexts[1], out decimalValue);
            }
            numberSample.NumericValueBigInteger = integerValue + decimalValue;
        }
    }

    return numberSamples;
}
～省略～

うぅ。。。数字がでかすぎて、合ってるのかどうかも桁数くらいしかわからない。。。

なお BigInteger の値を JSON に渡してもエラーにはなりませんが、 Infinity になります。

まぁ当然ではありますが。

追加・更新

検索は何とかなりましたが、追加・更新はどうでしょうか。

今回調べた中では直接 SQL を書く必要がありそうです。

理由は、 C# では BigInteger 以外での(例えば decimal など)の型で値を持つことができず、小数点以下の値を持った値に戻せないためです。

検索時は Select の中で指定することで、型のキャストなどを行うことができましたが、 CREATE 、 UPDATE では SQL が発行されるのは C# でのキャストなどの処理が終わった後になるため、エラーとなります。

これを考えると、これまでとは異なり直接 SQL を書く必要がありそうです。

var bigIntegerValueText = numberSamples[0].NumericValueBigInteger.ToString();
var originalValueText = bigIntegerValueText.Insert(bigIntegerValueText.Length - 16383, ".");

var result = await _context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommandAsync(
    "UPDATE \"NumberSample\" SET \"NumericValue\" = CAST({0} as numeric), " +
    "\"DoubleValue\"= {1} WHERE \"Id\" = {2}",
    originalValueText,
    3,
    35);

• c# - Entity Framework Core: Update relation with Id only without extra call - Stack Overflow
• Raw SQL Queries - EF Core - Microsoft Docs

トランザクションなどの処理はスキップしています。

また ExecuteSqlCommandAsync で値を渡すときに、 BigInteger をそのまま渡そうとするとエラーになりました。

上記のように string などに変換しておく必要がありそうです。

おわりに

一応これで追加や更新もできるようにはなりましたが、そもそもまともに受け取られない値を使って計算する、というのは無理があるように思います。

できれば計算などの処理ももっと DB に頼ってしまいたいところ。

次回は残っている Money 型の扱いと合わせて、 DB のトリガーを引いたり、 CRUD 以外の DB の処理は呼べるのか？といったところも調べてみたいと思います。

Entity Framework Core < - > PostgreSQL 間の MAX/MIN 値のやりとり (数値データ編) 1

• はじめに
• bigint
• bigserial
• double precision
• integer
• 参照

はじめに

Entity Framework Core (以下 EF Core)を使って PostgreSQL に数値データを追加したり取得したりしているときに、エラーが発生することがありました。

値を丸めたりして対処したりはしたものの、どういうデータでエラーが出るのか、ということが気になったので試してみることにしました。

数値データ編としましたが、他のデータ型については気が向いたらやります。

どちらかというと、 PostgreSQL に比較的最近？追加された JSON 型や Address 型などが扱えるのか？というのが気になるところではあります。

準備

とりあえず PostgreSQL のドキュメントを参考に、数値データを持つテーブルを作ります。

• Documentation: 11: Chapter 8. Data Types - PostgreSQL
• 8.1. 数値データ型 - PostgreSQL 10.5文書

CREATE Table "NumberSample" (
    "Id" serial PRIMARY KEY,
    "BigIntValue" bigint,
    "BigSerialValue" bigserial,
    "DoubleValue" double precision,
    "IntegerValue" integer,
    "NumericValue" numeric,
    "SerialValue" serial,
    "RealValue" real,
    "SmallIntValue" smallint,
    "SmallSerialValue" smallserial,
    "MoneyValue" money
)

検証は、

1. DB に各データ型の MAX/MIN 値を持つレコードを追加し、 EF Core でそれを検索
2. C# の MAX/MIN 値の幅が DB 側より広い場合はその値を含むレコードを追加
3. C# の MAX/MIN 値が DB 側より狭い場合は、 C# での MAX/MIN 値を含むレコードを追加

これでエラーになるかを調べ、エラーを抑える方法(数値を丸めるなど)も調べてみたいと思います。

なお C# 側の MAX/MIN 値は下記を参考にしています。

• 整数型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs
• 浮動小数点型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs

bigint

PostgreSQL における bigint の取り得る範囲は -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ～ +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 。

C# でこれに近い範囲を持つ型は、 long 型です (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 ～ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)。

INSERT INTO "NumberSample" ("BigIntValue") VALUES (-9223372036854775808);
INSERT INTO "NumberSample" ("BigIntValue") VALUES (9223372036854775807);

BigSerialValue などのカラムは、 MIN 値( Id = 2 )、 MAX 値( Id = 3 )のレコードを更新する形で値を入れていくことにします。

NumberSample.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models
{
    [Table("NumberSample")]
    public class NumberSample
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public long BigIntValue { get; set; }        
    }
}

HomeController.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using EfCoreDataTypeSample.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Storage;

namespace EfCoreDataTypeSample.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly EfCoreDataTypeSampleContext _context;

        public HomeController(EfCoreDataTypeSampleContext context)
        {
            _context = context;
        }
        [Route("/")]
        [Route("/Home")]
        [Produces("application/json")]
        public async Task< List< NumberSample>> Index()
        {
            return await _context.NumberSamples
                .ToListAsync();
        }
        [Route("/Create")]
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    BigIntValue = -9223372036854775808,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    BigIntValue = 9223372036854775807,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }
        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task< bool> Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                minNumber.BigIntValue = GetOppositeBigIntValue(minNumber.BigIntValue);
            
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                maxNumber.BigIntValue = GetOppositeBigIntValue(maxNumber.BigIntValue);
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
        private long GetOppositeBigIntValue(long originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 9223372036854775807;
            }
            return -9223372036854775808;
        }
    }
}

REST はいずこという感じですが、今回は気にしない方向で。。。

結果としては、検索、追加、更新ともに値が変化することなくやり取りできました。

ただ一点、 Index() で返される JSON を Firefox で見たところ、下記のように表示されていました。

生データをみると正しい値になっていたため、 JSON を整形して表示する上で発生しているだけのようですが、注意が必要かもしれません。

bigserial

PostgreSQL における bigserial の取り得る範囲は 1 ～ +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 。

C# でこれに近い範囲を持つ型は、 ulong 型です (0 ～ 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)。

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "BigSerialValue" = 1 WHERE "Id" = 2;
UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "BigSerialValue" = 9223372036854775807 WHERE "Id" = 3

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    BigSerialValue = 0,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    BigSerialValue = 9223372036854775807,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }
        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                ～省略～
                minNumber.BigSerialValue = GetOppositeBigSerialValue(minNumber.BigSerialValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber.BigSerialValue = GetOppositeBigSerialValue(maxNumber.BigSerialValue);
            
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private ulong GetOppositeBigSerialValue(ulong originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 9223372036854775807;
            }
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

結果は、値が変化することなく検索、追加、更新されました。

あれ？

ulong は最小値が 0 のため、範囲から外れているのに。。。

と思ったら、カラムのデータ型としては bigint で設定されるため、明示的に指定して入れる分には先ほどと同じ範囲の値が扱える、ということのようです。

bigserial の範囲というのは、値が空であった場合に自動でインクリメントした値をセットする、シーケンスの取り得る範囲のようです。

double precision

double precision ですが、範囲は 15桁精度 となっています。

実際どの程度の桁数まで登録できるのかを確認したところ、整数部分はドキュメント通り 1E-307 ～ 1E+308 程度であり、私の環境で確認したところ、308 桁を超えるとエラーとなっていました。 小数点以下は 1000 桁ぐらいでもエラーにはならないのですが、インサート後は小数点第 15 位で四捨五入され(これが 15桁精度 ということなのかと)、それ以下は反映されません。

また 1E+308 のように指数表記が使われている場合、小数点以下が丸められてしまうようです。

C# で doule が持つ MAX/MIN 値として、 double.MaxValue/double.MinValue があります。

それぞれ +1.79769313486232e+308 / -1.79769313486232e+308 であり、これも合わせて試すことにします。

あと、小数点第 15 位以下を持つ値を使った場合も見てみたいと思います。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        [Route("/Create")]
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.MinValue
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.MaxValue
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                NumberSample newMinNumber2 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = -99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber2);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber2 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber2);
                
                NumberSample newMinNumber3 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = -3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber3);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber3 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = 3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber3);
                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }

        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                ～省略～
                minNumber.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue(minNumber.DoubleValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue(maxNumber.DoubleValue);
                
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber2 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 6);
                ～省略～
                minNumber2.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue2(minNumber2.DoubleValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber2 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 7);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber2.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue2(maxNumber2.DoubleValue);
                
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber3 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 8);
                ～省略～
                minNumber3.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue3(minNumber3.DoubleValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber3 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 9);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber3.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue3(maxNumber3.DoubleValue);
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return double.MaxValue;
            }

            return double.MinValue;
        }
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue2(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
            }

            return -99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
        }
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue3(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return 3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333;
            }

            return -3.33333333333333333333333333333333333333;
        }
    }
}

結果は下記の通りです( maxNumber, minNumber などの名前は Create() のものです)。

• maxNumber: C#, DB ともに 1.79769313486232e+308
• minNumber: C#, DB ともに -1.79769313486232e+308
• maxNumber2: C#, DB ともに 1e+308
• minNumber2: C#, DB ともに -1e+308
• maxNumber3: C# では 3.3333333333333335 、 DB では 3.33333333333333
• minNumber3: C# では -3.3333333333333335 、 DB では -3.33333333333333

C# と PostgreSQL では、小数点の丸め方が異なるようです。

maxNumber3 、 minNumber3 の違いは、 C# から値を入れた場合も DB から取得した場合も両方同じ値になります。

Double なので正確性はないとはいえ、場合によっては注意が必要かもしれません。

NaN 、 Infinity

思い付きでこれらも確認してみることにしました。

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                ～省略～                
                NumberSample newMinNumber4 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.NaN,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber4);
            
                NumberSample newMinNumber5 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.NegativeInfinity,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber5);
                
                NumberSample newMaxNumber5 = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    DoubleValue = double.PositiveInfinity,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber5);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }
        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                ～省略～                
                // NaN
                NumberSample nanNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 10);
                ～省略～
                nanNumber.DoubleValue = double.NaN;
                
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber5 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 11);
                ～省略～
                minNumber5.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue5(minNumber5.DoubleValue);

                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber5 = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 12);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber5.DoubleValue = GetOppositeDoubleValue5(maxNumber5.DoubleValue);
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private double GetOppositeDoubleValue5(double originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return double.PositiveInfinity;
            }

            return double.NegativeInfinity;
        }
    }
}

結果は、検索、追加、更新ともに値が変化することなく値が渡されていました。

ただし JSON では文字列として渡されていました。

おそらく変換自体はできるものと思いますが。

integer

PostgreSQL における integer の範囲は -2147483648 ～ +2147483647 。

C# でこれに近い範囲を持つ型は、int です。 ( -2147483648 ～ +2147483647 )

UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "IntegerValue" = -2147483648 WHERE "Id" = 2;
UPDATE "NumberSample" SET "IntegerValue" = 2147483647 WHERE "Id" = 3

HomeController.cs

        ～省略～
        public async Task Create()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                NumberSample newMinNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    IntegerValue = int.MinValue,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMinNumber);
            
                NumberSample newMaxNumber = new NumberSample
                {
                    ～省略～
                    IntegerValue = int.MaxValue,
                };
                _context.NumberSamples.Add(newMaxNumber);

                await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
                
                transaction.Commit();
            }
        }

        [Route("/Update")]
        public async Task Update()
        {
            using (IDbContextTransaction transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                // Min
                NumberSample minNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 4);
                ～省略～
                minNumber.IntegerValue = GetOppositeIntValue(minNumber.IntegerValue);
                
                // Max
                NumberSample maxNumber = await _context.NumberSamples
                    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(n => n.Id == 5);
                ～省略～
                maxNumber.IntegerValue = GetOppositeIntValue(maxNumber.IntegerValue);

                ～省略～
                
                int result = await _context.SaveChangesAsync();

                transaction.Commit();
                return result > 0;    
            }
        }
～省略～
        private int GetOppositeIntValue(int originalValue)
        {
            if (originalValue <= 0)
            {
                return int.MaxValue;
            }

            return int.MinValue;
        }
        
    }
}

結果は、検索、追加、更新ともに値が変化することなく値が渡されていました。

範囲外の値

ここまで C# 、 PostgreSQL のデータ型の取り得る値の範囲が同じであったこともあり、範囲内の値だけを用いて確認していました。

では、範囲外の値が入るとどうなるのでしょうか。

C# 側の値が大きすぎ・小さすぎた場合

IntegerValue の値を long に変更し、long.Max / long.Min を入れてみたところ、下記の例外が発生しました。

PostgresException: 22003: integer out of range

PostgreSQL 側の値が大きすぎ・小さすぎた場合

IntegerValue の値を short に変更し、検索を行ったところ、下記の例外が発生しました。

OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow.

当然といえば当然ですが、エラーが起きる場所が異なりますね。

いったん切ります。

参照

• Documentation: 11: Chapter 8. Data Types - PostgreSQL
• 8.1. 数値データ型 - PostgreSQL 10.5文書
• 整数型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs
• 浮動小数点型の一覧表 (C# リファレンス) - Microsoft Docs